Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants in the included studies
|
Ref.
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Study design
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Sample size
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Study duration
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Characteristics
|
Location
|
Sex
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Baseline BMI (kg/m2)
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Age (yr)
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Fasting: Eating period (hours)
|
Timing of intervention
|
| Chair et al[26], 2022 | Three arm RCT | 101 | 3 wk | Prediabetes | Weight management clinic, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China | M: 3, F: 64 | 35.23 ± 6.19 | 74.30 ± 8.39 | 16:08 | Free to arrange the 8-h eating window based on personal preferences |
| Che et al[27], 2021 | RCT | 120 | 14 wk | Overweight adults with type 2 diabetes | Diabetes Clinic, Zhu Xianyi Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China | M: 65, F: 55 | TRE: 26.42 ± 1.96; Comparator: 26.08 ± 2.14 | TRE: 48.21 ± 9.32; Comparator: 48.78 ± 9.56 | 14:10 | 08:00 to 18:00 and fasted from 18:00 to 08:00 daily |
| Chow et al[28], 2020 | RCT | 20 | 12 wk | Adults with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | Minnesota, United States | M: 3, F: 17 | TRE: 33.8 ± 7.6; Comparator: 34.4 ± 7.8 | TRE: 46.5 ± 9.32; Comparator: 44.2 ± 12.3 | 16:08 | Self-select |
| Cienfuegos et al[29], 2020 | RCT (3-arms) | 58 | 10 wk | Adults with BMI of 30-49.9 kg/m2 | Chicago, United States | F: 53 M:5 | 4-h TRE: 37 ± 1; 6-h TRE: 37.0 ± 1.0; Comparator: 36.0 ± 1.0 | 4-h: 47 ± 2; 6-h: 47 ± 3; Comparator: 45 ± 2 | 4-h: 20:04; 6-h: 18:06 | 4-h TRE: 15:00-19:00; 6-h TRE: 13:00-19:00 |
| Isenmann et al[30], 2021 | RCT | 35 | 16 wk | Adults with BMI ≥ 25, physically active | Gymnasium, (Windhagen, Germany) | F: 21 M: 21 | TRE: 26.3 ± 3.0; Comparator: 25.7 ± 3.3 | TRE: 27.9 ± 5.3; Comparator: 27.4 ± 5.8 | 16:08 | 12:00-20:00 |
| Kotarsky et al[31], 2021 | RCT | 21 | 8 wk | Adults with BMI 25.0 and 34.9 kg/m2 | North Dakota State university, United States | F: 18 M: 3 | 29.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2 | 44 ± 7 | 16:08 | 12:00-20:00 |
| Liu et al[32], 2022 | RCT | 139 | 6/12 mo | Adults with BMI of 28-45 kg/m2 | Guangzhou, China | F: 68 M: 71 | TRE: 31.8 ± 2.9; Comparator: 31.3 ± 2.6 | TRE: 31.6 ± 9.3; Comparator: 32.2 ± 8.8 | 16:08 | 08:00-16:00 |
| Lowe et al[33], 2020 | RCT | 116 | 12 wk | Adults with BMI 27-43 kg/m2 | United States, primarily San Francisco | F: 70 M: 46 | 32.7 ± 4.2 | 46.5 ± 10.5 | 16:08 | TRE, 8 h, 12:00-20:00 |
| Peeke et al[34], 2021 | RCT (Virtual) | 60 | 8 wk | Adults with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | United States | F:69 M: 9 | 38.9 ± 7.7 | 44.0 ± 11.0 | 12:12 (14:10, with fasting snack 12 h post fasting) | Fasting began after dinner (between 17:00-20:00) |
| Phillips et al[35], 2021 | RCT | 54 | 6 mo | Adults with at least one component of metabolic syndrome | Switzerland | Not reported | TRE: 28.0 ± 4.1; Comparator: 27.0 ± 4.0 | 43.4 ± 13.3 | 12:12 | - |
| de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza et al[36], 2021 | RCT | 58 | 21/81 d | Adults with BMI 30-45 kg/m2 | Outpatient clinic of the Centro de Recuperação e Educação Nutritional, Brazil | F: 58 | TRE: 31.80 (CI: 29.25-34.36); Comparator: 31.03 (CI, 28.20-33.87) | TRE: 33.53 (CI: 32.00-35.50); Comparator: 33.12 (CI: 31.68-34.56) | 12:12 | Self-select |
| Ribeiro et al[37], 2021 | RCT | 24 | 8 wk | Physically active adults with BMI 25 kg/m2 | Brazil | F: 20 M: 4 | TRE :30.5 ± 3.5; Comparator: 31.7 ± 5,6 | TRE: 32.4 ± 5.5; Comparator: 33.0 ± 8.7 | 16:08 | 12:00-20:00 |
| Schroder et al[38], 2021 | NRCT | 40 | 3 mo | Women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | Brazil | F: 40 | TRE: 32.53 ± 1.13; Comparator: 4.55 ± 1.20 | TRE: 36.6 ± 1.6. Comparator: 42.3 ± 3.5 | 16:08 | 12:00-20:00 |
| Sutton et al[39], 2018 | RXT | 8 | 5 wk | Pre-diabetic men with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | Greater Baton Rouge, United States | M: 12 | 32.2 ± 4.4 | 56.0 ± 9.0 | 18:06 | Self-select eating window between 06:30-08:30; For early TRE to end eating window by 15:00 |
| Thomas et al[40], 2022 | RCT | 81 | 12/39 wk | Adults with BMI 27-45 kg/m2 | Colorado, United States | F: 20 M: 4 | 34.1 ± 5.7 | 38.0 ± 7.8 | 14:10 | Start eating window 3 h post waking up |
RCT: Randomized control trial; NRCT: Non-randomized control trial; RXT: Randomized crossover trial; BMI: Body mass index; M: Male; F: Female; TRE: Time-restricted eating.