Table 2.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes, stratified by categories of the Steno type 1 risk engine
| Patients with low CVD risk (n = 545) | Patients with intermediate CVD risk (n = 359) | Patients with high CVD risk (n = 350) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 33 ± 8 | 49 ± 7 | 64 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex (%) | 55.2 | 57.7 | 52.3 | 0.355 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.9 | 25.5 ± 4.1 | 26.2 ± 5.0 | < 0.001 |
| Current smokers (%) | 27.9 | 25.6 | 21.4 | 0.095 |
| Regular physical exercise (≥ 3.5 h/week) (%) | 56.9 | 46.2 | 31.1 | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (%) | 15.7 | 17.5 | 15.7 | 0.138 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 16 ± 8 | 22 ± 11 | 31 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 175 ± 71 | 175 ± 69 | 187 ± 72 | 0.149 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 8.2 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120 ± 14 | 127 ± 14 | 141 ± 19 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 ± 9 | 77 ± 9 | 77 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 177 ± 33 | 186 ± 33 | 185 ± 36 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56 ± 14 | 60 ± 15 | 61 ± 18 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 104 ± 27 | 108 ± 29 | 103 ± 32 | 0.064 |
| LDL cholesterol < 70 mg/dL (%) | 9.0 | 7.8 | 10.6 | 0.436 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 71 (55–103) | 74 (59–102) | 85 (65–119) | < 0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 20 ± 9 | 22 ± 9 | 25 ± 15 | < 0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 17 (12–23) | 19 (12–26) | 23 (12–28) | 0.001 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 15 (11–20) | 17 (12–26) | 20 (14–36) | < 0.001 |
| Platelet count (x 100,000/mm3) | 244 ± 63 | 248 ± 66 | 241 ± 76 | 0.337 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| eGFRCKD−EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 108 ± 14 | 96 ± 13 | 79 ± 22 | < 0.001 |
| Abnormal albuminuria (%) | 4.2 | 9.8 | 32.9 | < 0.001 |
| CKD (%) | 4.2 | 10.0 | 39.7 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 17.7 | 34.9 | 49.6 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 14.9 | 39.6 | 75.1 | < 0.001 |
| Total daily insulin dose (IU/day) | 43 ± 18 | 43 ± 17 | 42 ± 20 | 0.629 |
| Antiplatelet drug users (%) | 2.0 | 8.7 | 35.5 | < 0.001 |
| Diuretic users (%) | 1.7 | 6.7 | 24.0 | < 0.001 |
| Beta-blocker users (%) | 1.7 | 6.2 | 17.1 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium-channel blocker users (%) | 0.9 | 5.0 | 18.9 | < 0.001 |
| ACE-i/ARB users (%) | 7.2 | 32.3 | 66.6 | < 0.001 |
| Statin users (%) | 8.3 | 37.3 | 65.7 | < 0.001 |
Cohort size: n = 1,254. Data are expressed as means ± SD, medians, and interquartile ranges (IQRs) or percentages. Differences among the three patient groups were tested by the Chi-squared test for categorical variables, the one-way ANOVA for normally distributed continuous variables, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-normally distributed variables (i.e., serum liver enzymes and triglycerides)
Note: Alcohol intake was defined as ≥ 2 alcohol units per day in men and ≥ 1 alcohol unit per day in women, respectively. Abnormal albuminuria was defined as urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol. CKD was defined as eGFRCKD−EPI <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or abnormal albuminuria.
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFRCKD−EPI, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration study equation; GGT, gamma-glutamyl-transferase; FIB-4, fibrosis 4; HSI, hepatic steatosis index.