Table 3.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes, stratified by 10-year ASCVD risk calculator categories
| Patients with low CVD risk (n = 703) | Patients with intermediate CVD risk (n = 348) | Patients with high CVD risk (n = 203) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 37 ± 10 | 52 ± 10 | 66 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex (%) | 50.0 | 61.9 | 57.7 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.9 | 25.9 ± 4.8 | 25.8 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Current smokers (%) | 20.3 | 38.1 | 25.0 | < 0.001 |
| Regular physical exercise (≥ 3.5 h/week) (%) | 50.4 | 46.5 | 32.3 | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (%) | 13.9 | 18.4 | 15.5 | 0.318 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 19 ± 10 | 23 ± 13 | 29 ± 15 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 175 ± 73 | 181 ± 70 | 183 ± 67 | 0.499 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 1.5 | 7.9 ± 1.0 | 0.052 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121 ± 14 | 132 ± 17 | 143 ± 19 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 ± 9 | 78 ± 9 | 77 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 178 ± 31 | 190 ± 36 | 182 ± 37 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59 ± 15 | 57 ± 17 | 59 ± 18 | 0.206 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 103 ± 25 | 109 ± 31 | 104 ± 36 | 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol < 70 mg/dL (%) | 9.4 | 7.2 | 11.3 | 0.242 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 68 (55–94) | 87 (65–124) | 84 (64–112) | < 0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 20 ± 10 | 23 ± 10 | 25 ± 16 | < 0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 21 ± 15 | 24 ± 14 | 23 ± 16 | 0.004 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 15 (11–20) | 20 (14–32) | 21 (14–38) | < 0.001 |
| Platelet count (x 100,000/mm3) | 248 ± 68 | 246 ± 71 | 233 ± 71 | 0.019 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 (0.70–0.90) | 0.84 (0.72–0.95) | 0.81 (0.70-1.00) | 0.001 |
| eGFRCKD−EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 104 ± 17 | 91 ± 20 | 81 ± 22 | < 0.001 |
| Abnormal albuminuria (%) | 8.0 | 17.9 | 28.5 | < 0.001 |
| CKD (%) | 7.9 | 20.0 | 34.1 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 24.6 | 38.1 | 43.9 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 20.6 | 51.5 | 78.2 | < 0.001 |
| Total daily insulin dose (IU/day) | 42 ± 17 | 44 ± 19 | 41 ± 18 | 0.117 |
| Antiplatelet drug users (%) | 2.7 | 17.1 | 39.3 | < 0.001 |
| Diuretic users (%) | 2.6 | 12.3 | 26.8 | < 0.001 |
| Beta-blocker users (%) | 3.2 | 8.8 | 17.7 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium-channel blocker users (%) | 2.0 | 8.0 | 25.0 | < 0.001 |
| ACE-i/ARB users (%) | 13.5 | 44.0 | 64.1 | < 0.001 |
| Statin users (%) | 14.7 | 49.1 | 66.5 | < 0.001 |
Cohort size: n = 1,254. Data are expressed as means ± SD, medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) or percentages. Differences among the three patient groups were tested by the Chi-squared test for categorical variables, the one-way ANOVA for normally distributed continuous variables, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-normally distributed variables (i.e., serum liver enzymes, creatinine, and triglycerides)
Note: Alcohol intake was defined as ≥ 2 alcohol units per day in men and ≥ 1 alcohol unit per day in women, respectively. Abnormal albuminuria was defined as urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol. CKD was defined as eGFRCKD−EPI <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or abnormal albuminuria.
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFRCKD−EPI, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration study equation; GGT, gamma-glutamyl-transferase; FIB-4, fibrosis 4; HSI, hepatic steatosis index.