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. 2023 Aug 11;42:206. doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02730-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — A Five overlapping genes (VCAM1, SFRP4, ASPN, GREM1 and FNDC1) in the intersection of “Tumor vs. Normal” and “NII.clusterA-PNI vs. NII.clusterB-PNI” are considered as genes playing potential regulatory roles in the inflammation mediated by perineural invasion. B-C Kaplan–Meier curves for the patients with high and low VCAM1 expression in PNI group (Log rank test, p = 0.023.) and No PNI group(Log rank test, p = 0.73.) D A marked signal pathway (IL6-JAK-STAT3 SIGNALING) tabbed by red box is regarded important in the inflammation mediated by perineural invasion. E Representative IHC results of VCAM1, P-STAT3 and CK in tumor slices of NII.clusterA-PNI and NII.clusterB-PNI patients.(S100 marked nerves in brown,VCAM1,P-STAT3 and CK were in pink) F The statistical results of VCAM1 and p-STAT3 in (E).(All P < 0.001) G, H The WB results of VCAM1,P-STAT3 and PD-L1 protein expression of tumor tissue from No PNI,NII.clusterA-PNI and NII.clusterB-PNI patients.Statistics are based on the average of the gray values of the bands from three independent experiments.The asterisks represented the statistical P-value (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001)