Figure 1.
Schematics of detection of PDAC exosomes using GFETs with portable electronics and real-time detection results. The total detection time from applying blood plasma on the GFETs to results is less than 45 min. The zoomed in area shows schematics of the functionalization of graphene with TCPP43 and the GPC-1 antibody. The middle-right images are fluorescence images showing higher density of exosomes on the GFET surface for the PDAC patients’ samples than the healthy controls. The top-right images are TEM images with immunogold labeling with GPC-1 to compare the GPC-1 protein expressions on healthy and cancerous exosomes.