. 2023 Jul 28;14:1187616. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1187616

Table 3.

Mean mortality % ( ± SE) of Tribolium confusum exposed to wheat treated with Carum copticum EO and OLNS.

Time (day)	Chitosan to EO weight ratios	1000 mg/kg		t₈	2000 mg/kg		t₈
Time (day)	Chitosan to EO weight ratios	EO	OLNS	t₈	EO	OLNS	t₈
2	1:0(control)	0.00 ± 0.00d	0.00 ± 0.00d	–	0.00 ± 0.00c	0.00 ± 0.00d	–
	1:0.50	14.0 ± 1.0c	12.0 ± 1.22c	1.265	25.0 ± 2.23b	25.0 ± 1.58c	0.001
	1:1	24.0 ± 1.0b	21.0 ± 1.87b	1.414	31.0 ± 1.87b	32.0 ± 1.22b	0.447
	1:1.25	32.0 ± 1.22a*	27.0 ± 1.22a	2.880	38.0 ± 1.22a	37.0 ± 1.22a	0.577
	F_{3, 16}	217.524	84.923		109.467	196.121
	P	< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
7	1:0	5.0 ± 1.58d	3.0 ± 2.00d	0.784	5.0 ± 1.58c	3.0 ± 2.00c	0.784
	1:0.50	20.0 ± 1.58c	32.0 ± 1.22c*	6.00	31.0 ± 2.44b	44.0 ± 1.00b*	4.914
	1:1	28.0 ± 1.22b	39.0 ± 1.00b*	6.957	38.0 ± 1.22ab	52.0 ± 2.54a*	4.950
	1:1.25	38.0 ± 1.22a	47.0 ± 1.22a*	5.196	44.0 ± 2.44a	57.0 ± 1.22a*	4.747
	F_{3, 16}	97.125	183.792		73.750	186.051
	P	< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001

For each exposure time, means followed by the same lower case letter within each column are not significantly different using Tukey–Kramer (HSD) test at 0.05. For each ratio, differences between oil and OLNS denoted with an asterisk indicate a significant difference using t-student test at 0.05. Where no letters exist, no significant differences were noted.