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. 2023 May 30;110(9):1131–1142. doi: 10.1093/bjs/znad154

Table 1.

Benefits and drawbacks of technologies included in this review

Modality Devices used Benefits Drawbacks
ICG-FA Firefly™ robotic surgical system, Intuitive Surgical (L)
Photodynamic Eye© PC6100 C9830–10, Hamamatsu (O)
Novadaq SPY, Stryker© (O)
SPY Elite System, Stryker© (O)
PINPOINT Endoscopic Fluorescence Imaging System, Stryker© (L)
1588 Advanced Imaging Modalities, Stryker© (L)
D-light P system, Karl Storz© (L)
IC-View, Pulsion Medical Systems© (O)
VISERA ELITE2 system, Olympus© (L)
Opto-cam 2100, Optomedic (L)
HyperEye Medical System, Mizuho Medical Company (O)
The Quest Artemis, Quest Medical Imaging© (O)
VisionSense™ VS Iridium, Medtronic (L)
Visual markers of well perfused areas
Many studies evaluating its use
Many devices available
Lack of objective marker of blood supply
Requires dark operating environment if not laparoscopic
Requires injection of dye
No standardized protocol, concentration, uptake time
DRS O2C, LEA-Medizintechnik© (O)
T-Stat, Spectros Corporation© (L)
IntraOx device, ViOptix© (L)
INVOS, Medtronic© (L)
Gives quantitative value for oxygen levels
No need for medications
Can only monitor a very localized area of bowel at one time
Requires tissue contact
Repeat measurements required across bowel for clinical decision-making for wide-field analysis
Not all included devices have been cleared for commercial use
Few validated studies
HSI TIVITA® Tissue system, Diaspective Vision© (O) No medications required
Can provide objective measurement of Sto2 visually and numerically
Current systems not real time
Open surgery system requires background light to be turned off
Few validated studies
Included system not laparoscopic
LSCI LSFG device, Softcare Co© (L)
MoorFLPI-2, Moor Instruments© (L)
No medication required
Demonstrates non-quantitative blood flow
System susceptible to tissue/imaging device motion
Included systems not real time and images must be superimposed on an existing image
Few validated studies

O, device used only for open surgery; L, device can be used laparoscopically. ICG-FA, indocyanine green fluorescence angiography; DRS, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; HSI, hyperspectral imaging; Sto2, serosal tissue oxygenation; LSCI, laser speckle contrast imaging. Further details of devices can be found in supplementary material.

Intuitive Surgical (Sunnyvale, California (CA), United States), Hamamatsu (Shizuoka, Japan), Stryker (Kalamazoo, Michigan (Mich), United States), Karl Storz (Tuttlingen, Germany), Pulsion Medical Systems (Midlothian, UK), Olympus (Tokyo, Japan), Optomedic (Guangdong, China), HyperEye Medical System, Mizuho Medical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), Quest Medical Imaging (Wieringerwerf, The Netherlands), LEA-Medizintechnik (Tuttlingen, Germany), Spectros Corp. (Texas, TA, USA), ViOptix Inc (Newark, CA, United States), Medtronic (Dublin, Ireland), Diaspective Vision GmbH (Salzhaff, Germany), Softcare Co. (Japan), Moor Instruments (Devon, UK).