Table 1.
Modality | Devices used | Benefits | Drawbacks |
---|---|---|---|
ICG-FA | Firefly™ robotic surgical system, Intuitive Surgical (L) Photodynamic Eye© PC6100 C9830–10, Hamamatsu (O) Novadaq SPY, Stryker© (O) SPY Elite System, Stryker© (O) PINPOINT Endoscopic Fluorescence Imaging System, Stryker© (L) 1588 Advanced Imaging Modalities, Stryker© (L) D-light P system, Karl Storz© (L) IC-View, Pulsion Medical Systems© (O) VISERA ELITE2 system, Olympus© (L) Opto-cam 2100, Optomedic (L) HyperEye Medical System, Mizuho Medical Company (O) The Quest Artemis, Quest Medical Imaging© (O) VisionSense™ VS Iridium, Medtronic (L) |
Visual markers of well perfused areas Many studies evaluating its use Many devices available |
Lack of objective marker of blood supply Requires dark operating environment if not laparoscopic Requires injection of dye No standardized protocol, concentration, uptake time |
DRS | O2C, LEA-Medizintechnik© (O) T-Stat, Spectros Corporation© (L) IntraOx device, ViOptix© (L) INVOS, Medtronic© (L) |
Gives quantitative value for oxygen levels No need for medications |
Can only monitor a very localized area of bowel at one time Requires tissue contact Repeat measurements required across bowel for clinical decision-making for wide-field analysis Not all included devices have been cleared for commercial use Few validated studies |
HSI | TIVITA® Tissue system, Diaspective Vision© (O) | No medications required Can provide objective measurement of Sto2 visually and numerically |
Current systems not real time Open surgery system requires background light to be turned off Few validated studies Included system not laparoscopic |
LSCI | LSFG device, Softcare Co© (L) MoorFLPI-2, Moor Instruments© (L) |
No medication required Demonstrates non-quantitative blood flow |
System susceptible to tissue/imaging device motion Included systems not real time and images must be superimposed on an existing image Few validated studies |
O, device used only for open surgery; L, device can be used laparoscopically. ICG-FA, indocyanine green fluorescence angiography; DRS, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; HSI, hyperspectral imaging; Sto2, serosal tissue oxygenation; LSCI, laser speckle contrast imaging. Further details of devices can be found in supplementary material.
Intuitive Surgical (Sunnyvale, California (CA), United States), Hamamatsu (Shizuoka, Japan), Stryker (Kalamazoo, Michigan (Mich), United States), Karl Storz (Tuttlingen, Germany), Pulsion Medical Systems (Midlothian, UK), Olympus (Tokyo, Japan), Optomedic (Guangdong, China), HyperEye Medical System, Mizuho Medical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), Quest Medical Imaging (Wieringerwerf, The Netherlands), LEA-Medizintechnik (Tuttlingen, Germany), Spectros Corp. (Texas, TA, USA), ViOptix Inc (Newark, CA, United States), Medtronic (Dublin, Ireland), Diaspective Vision GmbH (Salzhaff, Germany), Softcare Co. (Japan), Moor Instruments (Devon, UK).