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. 2023 Aug 9;15(1):2236749. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2236749

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 1. — Estrogen produced by the ovaries, adrenal glands, and adipose tissue is metabolized in the liver within two phases to form a biologically inactive conjugated form, and the conjugated estrogen is deconjugated by β-glucuronidase encoded by gut microbiota and changes to a deconjugated form with biological activity, some of which is excreted in the stool and urine, while some of which is reabsorbed into the blood circulation and returned to the liver and this process is called enterohepatic recycling of estrogen.