Table 1.

Specific changes in gut microbiota associated with different estrogen-related diseases and menopause.

Disease/model	Test sample	Related bacteria	Specific changes	Reference
Breast cancer	Human Blood	Citrobacter*, Bacteroides*, Bifidobacterium*	Were 10–100 times higher in cancer patients than in healthy controls;	16
Breast cancer	Human nipple aspirate fluid	Alistipes*	Was the most relatively abundant bacteria genus;	33
Breast cancer	Human feces	Bacteroides*	Was closely related to cancer: every 1% increase in its relative abundance increased the incidence rate of breast cancer by 5%;	34
Breast cancer	Human feces	Romboutsia,* Coprococcus 2*	Were strongest negative correlation with breast cancer: each 1% increase reduced the incidence rate of breast cancer by 91% and 55%, respectively;	34
Breast cancer	Human feces	Faecalibacterium*	Was present in almost 100% of controls and only 90% of both case groups, and was most strongly, inversely associated with odds of breast cancer and nonmalignant breast disease;	34
Breast cancer	Human feces	Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Dorea*, [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes group*, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Lachnospira	Were inversely associated with odds of breast cancer;	34
Breast cancer	Human feces	Flavonifractor, Ruminococcaceae*	Were positively associated with breast cancer;	34
Ovarian cancer	Human feces	Akkermansia (the unique genus in Verrucomicrobia phylumas)	Was remarkably reduced in the ovarian cancer and loss of the Akkermansia genus was a featuring characteristic of patients with ovarian cancer;	35
Ovarian cancer	Mice feces	Bacteroides*, Lactobacillus*	The abundance of Bacteroides was increased but that of Lactobacillus was decreased in ovarian cancer mice;	36
Endometrial cancer	Human feces	Anaerostipes caccae, Ruminococcus sp.N15.MGS–57*, Prevotella sp.DJF_LS1653*	Enriched in endometrial cancer and being associated with metabolites C16:1 and C20:2;	37
Endometrial cancer	Human feces	Prevotella*, Bacteroides*	Were dominated in endometrial cancer patients;	38
Endometriosis	Mice feces	Firmicutes*, Bacteroidetes*	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was elevated in mice with endometriosis;	39
Endometriosis	Mice feces	Bifidobacterium*	Increased in mice with endometriosis;	39
Endometriosis	Mice feces	Bacteroidetes*, Firmicutes*	Higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and lower abundance of Firmicutes in the guts than mice without EMS;	40
Postmenopausalwomen	Human feces	Bacteroides sp. strain Ga6A1*, Prevotella marshii*, Sutterella wadsworthensis	Enriched in postmenopause;	41
Postmenopausalwomen	Human feces	Escherichia coli-Shigella spp.*, Oscillibacter sp. strain KLE1745, Akkermansia muciniphila, Clostridium lactatifermentans*, Parabacteroides johnsonii*, Veillonella seminalis	Depleted in postmenopause;	41
OVX mice (menopause)	Mice feces	Lactobacillaceae*, Ruminococcaceae*, Streptococcaceae*	Was related to fecal β-glucuronidase activity;	42
Postmenopausalwomen	Human feces	Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae*	Were associated with estrogens and estrogen metabolites;	43
Premenopausal women	Human feces	Bacteroides*	Was inversely related to the ratio of estrogen metabolites to maternal estrogens;	44
Reproductive, premenopausal,postmenopausal women	Human feces	Clostridium*	As a predominance in all groups;	45
Postmenopausal women	Human feces	Clostridium*	Lower levels of beta-estradiol in the presence of higher copy numbers of Clostridium;	45
Postmenopausal women	Human feces	Non-Clostridiales*, three genera in the Ruminococcaceae*	Were strongly associated with non-ovarian estrogen level	46
Menopausal syndrome	Human feces	Aggregatibacter segnis, Bifidobacterium animalis*, Acinetobacter guillouiae	Had a positive correlation with E2 and decreased in menopausal syndrome;	47
Menopausal syndrome	Human feces	Ruminococcus torques*, Blautia obeum*, Butyricicoccus* pullicaecorum*	Were positively correlated with Kupperman index scores;	47
Menopausal syndrome	Human feces	Lactobacillus delbrueckii*	Was inversely correlated with Kupperman index scores;	47
Menopausal hot flash	Human feces	Ruminococcus torques*	Was positively related to hot flash symptom score;	47
Menopausal hot flash	Human feces	Clostridium cocleatum*	Was negatively related to hot flash symptom score;	47
Menopausal hot flash	Human feces	Bifidobacterium*, Lactobacillus*	Showed a significant decrease;	48
Menopausal hot flash	Human feces	Klebsiella*, Clostridiodes difficile*	Showed an increase;	48
Premenopausal depression	Human feces	Klebsiella aerogenes*	Was higher in premenopausal women with depression than in those without depression	32
Perimenopausal insomnia	Human feces	Roseburia faecis*, Ruminococcus*, Prevotella copri*, Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, Blautia obeum*	Showed an increase in the abundance;	49
Perimenopausal insomnia	Human feces	Bacteroides*, Bacteroidetes*, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii*	Showed a decrease in the abundance;	49
Osteoporosis	Mice feces	Ruminococcus flavefaciens*, Clostridium*, Coprococcus*, Robinsoniella	Were positively correlated with osteoclastic indicators	50
Osteoporosis	Mice feces	Bacteroides*, Butyrivibrio*	Were negatively correlated with loss of bone mass	50

*Current gmGUS-encoding species have been known.