Table 2.
Functional Outcome Measures
| Post vs. Baseline | Follow-Up vs. Baseline | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Baseline | Post | Follow Up | Change | Time | Time × Group | Change | Time | Time × Group | |
| Typical Walking Speed | ACC | 0.63 ± 0.27 | 0.76 ± 0.35 | 0.73 ± 0.30 | 0.13 ± 0.11 | F(1,36)=48.2, p<0.0001 | F(1,36)=0.03, p=0.86 | 0.10± 0.12 | F(1,36)=20.5, p<0.0001 | F(1,36)=0.74, p=0.39 |
| (meters/second) | SS | 0.58 ± 0.24 | 0.72 ± 0.30 | 0.65 ± 0.24 | 0.14 ± 0.13 | 0.07 ± 0.11 | ||||
| Obstacles Walking Speed | ACC | 0.53 ± 0.26 | 0.61 ± 0.30 | 0.63 ± 0.28 | 0.09 ± 0.11 | F(1,36)=24.5, p<0.0001 | F(1,36)=0.05, p=0.83 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | F(1,36)=21.3, p<0.0001 | F(1,36)=0.99, p=0.32 |
| (meters/second) | SS | 0.46 ± 0.25 | 0.55 ± 0.28 | 0.53 ± 0.23 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | 0.10 ± 0.12 | ||||
| Dual-Task Walking Speed | ACC | 0.49 ± 0.22 | 0.56 ± 0.26 | - | 0.08 ± 0.12 | F(1,35)=18.5, p<0.0001 | F(1,34)=0.06, p=0.81 | - | - | - |
| (meters/second) | SS | 0.45 ± 0.20 | 0.52 ± 0.22 | - | 0.07 ± 0.08 | - | ||||
| Dynamic Gait Index | ACC | 13.7 ± 4.9 | 16.2 ± 3.6 | 15.9 ± 3.6 | 2.5 ± 3.5 | F(1,36)=23.0, p<0.0001 | F(1,36)=0.44, p=0.51 | 2.2 ± 3.6 | F(1,36)=22.3, p<0.0001 | F(1,36)=0.001, p=0.97 |
| (points out of 24) | SS | 12.7 ± 2.9 | 14.6 ± 3.3 | 14.9 ± 2.9 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | ||||
| ABC Scale | ACC | 57.5 ± 21.2 | 66.1 ± 15.4 | 71.0 ± 15.4 | 8.6 ± 15.1 | F(1,36)=11.3, p=0.002 | F(1,36)=0.004, p=0.95 | 13.5 ± 17.7 | F(1,36)=12.7, p<0.0001 | F(1,36)=1.32, p=0.26 |
| (% confidence) | SS | 58.1 ± 21.0 | 66.4 ± 18.3 | 65.0 ± 24.4 | 8.3 ± 14.2 | 6.9 ± 17.4 | ||||
| Fugl-Meyer LE Score | ACC | 24.2 ± 5.8 | 25.5 ± 6.0 | 25.6 ± 5.8 | 1.3 ± 1.6 | F(1,36)=3.4, p=0.07 | F(1,36)=5.7, p=0.02 | 1.4 ± 2.9 | F(1,36)=8.0, p=0.008 | F(1,36)=0.18, p=0.68 |
| (points out of 34) | SS | 25.6 ± 5.1 | 25.4 ± 5.7 | 26.6 ± 5.5 | −0.2 ± 2.2 | 1.0 ± 2.0 | ||||
| Satisfaction with Recovery | ACC | 26.2 ± 6.8 | 30.8 ± 6.1 | 29.4 ± 5.3 | 4.6 ± 5.6 | F(1,36)=19.3, p<0.0001 | F(1,36)=0.000, p=0.99 | 3.2 ± 5.5 | F(1,36)=14.1, p=0.006 | F(1,36)=0.55, p=0.46 |
| (points out of 44) | SS | 24.6 ± 6.9 | 29.1 ± 6.8 | 29.3 ± 8.1 | 4.6 ± 7.1 | 4.8 ± 7.6 | ||||
| Serial7 cognitive performance | ACC | 0.15 ± 0.10 | 0.16 ± 0.13 | - | 0.01 ± 0.06 | F(1,33)=0.07, p=0.79 | F(1,33)=1.04, p=0.32 | - | - | - |
| (correct responses/second) | SS | 0.15 ± 0.18 | 0.13 ± 0.15 | - | −0.01 ± 0.06 | - | ||||
| Dual-Task cognitive | ACC | 0.13 ± 0.10 | 0.13 ± 0.12 | - | 0.01 ± 0.05 | F(1,33)=1.87, p=0.18 | F(1,33)=0.31, p=0.58 | - | - | - |
| performance | SS | 0.11 ± 0.11 | 0.12 ± 0.15 | - | 0.02 ± 0.05 | - | ||||
| (correct responses/second) | ||||||||||
ACC - Accurate adaptability walking intervention; SS - steady state walking intervention; LE - lower extremity
Post-intervention assessment was conducted within one week after the final intervention session. Follow-up assessment was conducted approximately 12 weeks after the final intervention assessment.