R788 reduces the expression of markers associated with immunosuppressive TAMs and augments immunostimulatory responses in human PDAC slice culture ex vivo. A–C, Relative mRNA expression of immunosuppressive genes in the human PDAC slices treated with either 250 nmol/L Gem and/or 2.5 μmol/L R788 from patient 1 (A), patient 2 (B), and patient 3 (C). Significance testing was performed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc multiple pairwise testing. D and E, IHC (D) of human PDAC slices derived from donor 1 for CD206+, CD68+ macrophages, and CD8+ T cells (scale bar, 20 μm) and quantification (E) of CD68+, CD206+, and CD8+ cells/40× field. F, IHC of human PDAC slices derived from patient 4 for CD8+ T cells. Scale bar, 20 μm. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant.