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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 11.
Published in final edited form as: Gastrointest Disord (Basel). 2018 Oct 18;1(1):75–105. doi: 10.3390/gidisord1010007

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Intestinal immune system. IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; Th, helper T cell; Treg, regulatory T cell; TCR, T cell receptor; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell; TLR, toll-like receptor; NOD, nucleotide oligomerization domain. Adapted with permission from “Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Recent Advances in Biologic Therapies” by Kim and Cheon, Immune Netw. 2017, 17, 25–40 [46].