Table 2.

piRNA localization and their potential clinical applications in different cancers.

Cancer Type	piRNA	Expression	Sample Type	Target	Potential Clinical Application	References
Lung	piR-651	Upregulation	Cell	CDK4 Cyclin D1 MDM2 PTEN DNMT1	Diagnosis	[34,51]
	piR-211106	Upregulation	Cell	Pyruvate carboxylase	Therapy	[56]
	piR-55490	Downregulation	Cell	AKT mTOR	Therapy	[55]
	piR-5444	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis Prognosis Therapy	[61]
	piR-26925	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis Prognosis Therapy	[61]
	piR-164586	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis	[62]
Gastric	piR-823	Downregulation	Cell Plasma		Diagnosis	[63]
	piR-019308	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis	[64]
	piR-004918	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis	[64]
	piR-018569	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis	[64]
Breast	piR-2158	Downregulation	Stem cell	IL11	Therapy	[65]
	piR-823	Upregulation	Stem cell	DNMT	Therapy	[66]
	piR-36712	Upregulation	Cell	SEPW1 p53 p21	Prognosis	[57,58]
	piR-021285	Upregulation	Cell	ARHGAP11A	Therapy	[53,61]
Colon Rectal	piR-823	Downregulation	Cell	HSF1		[67]
	piR-54265	Upregulation	Tissue Serum	STAT3	Prognosis	[35]
	piR-5937	Upregulation	Serum		Diagnosis	[68]
	piR-28876	Upregulation	Serum		Diagnosis	[68]
	piR-18	Upregulation	Tissue Cell		Diagnosis Therapy	[58]
Liver	piR-Hep1	Upregulation	Tissue Cell	AKT	Diagnosis	[69,70]
Neuroblastoma	piR-1089	Upregulation	EV	KEAP1	Prognosis	[71]
Lymphoma	piR-651	Downregulation	Serum		Prognosis	[52]
Renal	piR-38756	Upregulation	Tissue		Prognosis	[60]
	piR-57125	Upregulation	Tissue		Prognosis	[60]
	piR-30924	Upregulation	Tissue		Prognosis	[60]
B-cell lymphoma	piR-30473	Upregulation	Serum	WTAP HK2	Prognosis	[53]
Bladder	piR-5936	Upregulation	Plasma EV		Diagnosis	[72,73]
Ovarian	piR-25783	Upregulation	Plasma EV		Diagnosis Prognosis	[74]
Thyroid	piR-13643	Upregulation	Tissue		Diagnosis	[75]
	piR-21238	Upregulation	Tissue		Diagnosis	[75]
Cholangio Gallbladder	piR-2660989	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis Prognosis	[76]
	piR-10506469	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis Prognosis	[76]
	piR-20548188	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis Prognosis	[76]
	piR-10822895	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis Prognosis	[76]
	piR-23209	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis Prognosis	[76]
	piR-18044111	Upregulation	EV		Diagnosis Prognosis	[76]