Table 2.
A summary of selected genes that were statistically differentially expressed in ACC-treated cells compared to untreated cells and their possible antitumorigenic role. It is important to note that 2 of the genes of interest had low counts but are still included here. The genes are SNAI2 and CD244, which had low counts of 19 and 12, respectively.
| Gene Name (Encoded Protein) |
ACC Effect on Gene Expression Fold Change (p Value; p adj) |
Potential Outcome Meaning and Relevant References |
|---|---|---|
| CD274 (PDL-1) | −3.8 (0; 0) |
Activation of the immune response [47,48,49] |
| CYTIP (Cytohesin 1-Interacting Protein) | +72.5 (3.75 × 10−5; 2.62 × 10−4) |
Activation of the immune response of T cells [50]. |
| ITGB2 (CD18) | +7.2 (0; 0) |
ITGB2 overexpression inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cell lines [51]. |
| JUN (Protooncogene JUN) | −3.6 (0; 0) |
Inhibition of c-JUN decreased angiogenesis in A549 cells in vivo and in vitro [52]. |
| RUNX2 (RUNX2 or CBF- alpha-1) |
−15.35 (0; 0) |
RUNX2 was overexpressed in the tissues of patient with primary NSCLC and lung metastasis. Moreover, overexpression observed when epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) increased. Additionally, absence of RUNX2 decreased EMT and invasion capacity in A549 cells [53]. |
| CD244/2B4 (CD244) | −227.54 (0.00441; 0.0191) | CD244 is an immunomodulator of T-cells and NK cells. It is associated with an immunosuppressive environment in cancer [54]. |
| TGFB1-(TGF β) | −1.6 (0; 0) |
TGF-β1 signaling is a potent inducer of the EMT in various types of cancer, including NSCLC [55,56] and specifically in A549 cells [57]. |
| TMSB4X (Thymosin beta4) | −1.67 (0; 0) |
Upregulation of TMSB4X was found to be associated with chemoresistance in lung cancer tissues [58]. |
| SNAI2/SLUG-(Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 2) | −3.758 (0.0031; 0.014) |
Overexpression of SNAI2 is associated with EMT and poor prognosis of cancer patients [59] and with loss of E-cadherin (which is associated with increased infiltration and invasiveness) [60]. |
| COL4A1 (collagen type IV alpha chain 1) | −2.14 (0; 0) |
Overexpression is associated with increased proliferation and migration and poor prognosis in several cancers [61,62] |
| CDH2 (Cadherin-2) | −1.42 (0; 0) |
High expression is associated with angiogenesis promotion and poor survival in lung cancer [63], as well as with increased likelihood of brain metastasis [64]. |
| PLA1A (phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1) | +3.43 (1.29 × 10−8; 1.5 × 10−7) |
Overexpression has been found to limit aggressiveness in lung adenocarcinoma [65] |
| B3GALT4 | +1.42 (10−10; 1.3 × 10−9) |
Overexpression associated with remodeling of TME and enhancing immunotherapy efficacy [66] |