TABLE 3.
Risk of ovarian cancer by number of distress‐related psychosocial factors, with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) included as a measure of distress, restricted to participants with PTSD data, Nurses' Health Study II, 2003–2015, N = 38,530.
| Cases/person‐years | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Model A: Depression, phobic anxiety, social isolation, and widowhood | ||
| Distress‐related psychosocial factors | ||
| 0 | 24/137,458 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 1 | 22/141,514 | 0.85 (0.48, 1.52) |
| 2 | 19/70,591 | 1.46 (0.80, 2.65) |
| 3–4 factors | 5/12,584 | 2.14 (0.81, 5.62) |
| Trend | 70/362,147 | 1.26 (0.94, 1.68) |
| Model B: Depression, anxiety, social isolation, widowhood, and PTSD | ||
| Distress‐related psychosocial factors | ||
| 0 | 21/122,854 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 1 | 14/125,915 | 0.63 (0.32, 1.25) |
| 2 | 20/79,346 | 1.48 (0.78, 2.81) |
| 3–5 factors | 15/34,032 | 2.54 (1.28, 5.06)** |
| Trend | 70/362,147 | 1.42 (1.09, 1.85)* |
| Model C: Depression, anxiety, social isolation, and widowhood, by PTSD status | ||
| Distress‐related psychosocial factors | ||
| No PTSD and no other factors | 21/122,854 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| No PTSD and 1–4 other factors | 22/167,878 | 0.73 (0.4, 1.33) |
| PTSD and no other factors | 3/14,604 | 1.29 (0.38, 4.34) |
| PTSD and 1–4 other factors | 24/56,810 | 2.41 (1.34, 4.34)** |
Note: All models adjusted for age.
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01.