TABLE 4.
Risk of ovarian cancer by lifetime trauma exposure and number of distress‐related psychosocial factors, Nurses' Health Study II, N = 38,530.
| Case/years | Model 1: Trauma exposure | Model 2: Distress‐related factors | Model 3: Trauma and distress‐related factors | Model 4: Restricted to trauma‐exposed participants | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||||
| Lifetime trauma exposure | |||||
| No | 15/79,820 | 1.00 (Ref) | – | 1.00 (Ref) | – |
| Yes | 55/282,327 | 0.99 (0.56, 1.74) | 0.86 (0.48, 1.54) | ||
| Distress‐related psychosocial factors | |||||
| 0 | 21/123,276 | – | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 1 | 14/126,139 | – | 0.60 (0.30, 1.20) | 0.59 (0.30, 1.18) | 0.42 (0.18, 0.99)* |
| 2 | 21/79,165 | – | 1.38 (0.74, 2.60) | 1.36 (0.73, 2.54) | 1.21 (0.60, 2.41) |
| 3–4 | 14/33,566 | – | 2.14 (1.06, 4.35)* | 2.08 (1.04, 4.13)* | 2.05 (0.98, 4.27) |
| Trend | 70/328,581 | – | 1.35 (1.03, 1.76)* | 1.33 (1.03, 1.73)* | 1.36 (1.01, 1.83)* |
Note: All models adjusted for oral contraceptive use, history of tubal ligation and hysterectomy, family history of ovarian cancer, duration and use of hormone replacement therapy, menopausal status, parity, physical activity, smoking status, and body mass index.
*
p < 0.05.