Table 2.

The anti-cancer effects of steroidal saponins in vivo.

Compound	Source	In Vivo Model	Targeted Hallmark of Cancer	References
Bufalin	Bufo gargarizans	Neuroblastoma, Gallbladder Cancer	Resisting Cell Death, Activating Invasion and Metastasis	[37,51]
Dioscin	Dioscorea zingiberensis and Dioscorea nipponica	Lung Adenocarcinoma and Colorectal Cancer	Tumor Promoting InflammationTumor Microenvironment, Activating Invasion and Metastasis, and Deregulating Cellular Energetics	[55,62]
Diosgenin	Prunus dulcis, Prunus amygdalus, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Dioscorea villosa, and Dioscorea japonica	Colorectal Cancer and Prostate Cancer	Sustaining Proliferative Signaling, Resisting Cell Death, Activating Invasion and Metastasis, and Resisting Cell Death	[28,29]
Gracillin	Rhizoma paridis, Pairs polyphylla, Dioscorea villosa, AconitumAcontum carmichaeli, Solanum incanum, Solanum virginianum, and Solanum xanthocarpum	Breast Cancer and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer	Deregulating Cellular Energetics and Resisting Cell Death	[39,54]
Paris Saponin VII	Paris polyphylla	Breast Cancer	Resisting Cell Death	[42,60]
Polyphyllin B	Paris polyphylla	Gastric Cancer	Resisting Cell Death	[55]
Polyphyllin I	Paris polyphylla	Osteosarcoma, Prostate Cancer, and Gastric Cancer	Resisting Cell Death, Activating Invasion and Metastasis	[58,59,60]
Polyphyllin III	Paris polyphylla	Breast Cancer	Resisting Cell Death	[56]
PP9	Paris polyphylla	Colorectal Cancer	Resisting Cell Death, and Evading Growth Suppressors	[33]
Protodioscin	Dioscorea villosa, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Asparagus officinalis	Bladder Cancer	Resisting Cell Death, Activating Invasion and Metastasis	[35]
RCE-4	Reineckea carnea	Cervical Cancer	Resisting Cell Death, and Tumor Promoting Inflammation	[68]
Taccaoside A	Tacca plantaginea and Tacca subflabellata	Non-small Cell Lung Cancer	Avoiding Immune Destruction	[61]
Terrestrosin D	Tribulus terrestris	Prostate Cancer	Resisting Cell Death, Evading Growth Suppressors, and Inducing Angiogenesis	[67]
Timosaponin AIII	Anemarrhena asphodeloides	Non-small Cell Lung Cancer	Resisting Cell Death, Activating Invasion and Metastasis	[46]
Oleandrin	Nerium oleander	Glioma	Resisting Cell Death	[66]