Figure 8.

The antibody-based cancer therapies can be broken down into three categories based on their different mechanisms of action: (i) naked antibodies based on the natural properties of IgG, including ADCC, ADCP, CDC, and the inhibition of cell signaling; (ii) engineered antibodies engaging cytotoxic T cells, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody (T-biAb), and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts) using single-chain variable fragment (scFv); and (iii) antibody conjugates that deliver cytotoxic payloads, including antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), antibody–radionuclide conjugates (ARCs), and immunocytokines.