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. 2023 Jul 31;15(15):3898. doi: 10.3390/cancers15153898

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Stromal cells contribute to generate an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. (A) Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). (B) Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). (C) Cancer associated adipocytes (CADs) and (D) Cancer associated endothelial cells (CAECs) promote immune suppressive cells recruitment, proliferation and differentiation by releasing chemokines, cytokines and metabolites in TME. Stromal cells induce T cells exhaustion by expressing immune checkpoint and prevents T cell recruitment by reshaping tumor vasculature. IL6, IL10: interleukin 6, 10; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; ID01: Indoleamine-pyrrole2,3-dioxygenase; AHR: Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor; GRO-y: Growth-regulated oncogene-Y chemokine; Chi3L1: chitinase-like protein 3; Gin: glutamine; Glu: glutamate; Arg: arginine; Ala: alanine; Asp: aspartate; LPC: lysophosphatidylcholine; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; CTLs: cytotoxic T lymphocytes; DCs: dendritic cells; DCregs: regulatory DCs.