Table 2.

Description of the social behaviors (affiliative and aggressive) that are included in the welfare protocol for Patagonian huemul (Adapted from [3,4,6,10,11,12]).

Type of Behavior	Behavior Pattern	Description of Behavior
Affiliative behavior	Mutual grooming	The animal brushes with its muzzle any part of the body of another member of the group, except for the anal region or the prepuce. If the animal stops brushing the receiver for more than 10 s and then starts brushing the same receiver again, this is recorded as a new bout. A new bout is also considered if the actor starts brushing another receiver, or if there is a role reversal between the actor and the receiver.
	Social smelling	The animal smells any part of the body of another member of the group, except for the anal region or the prepuce. If the animal stops smelling for more than 10 s and then starts smelling the same receiver again, this is recorded as a new bout. A new bout is also considered if the actor starts smelling another receiver, or if there is a role reversal between the actor and the receiver.
	Licking	One animal licks any part of another animal with the tongue, except for the anal region or urine. If the actor animal stops licking for 10 s and starts again, this is to be counted as a new bout, regardless of whether the actor licks the same receiver or another. If the actor receives brushing from the receiver, this should also be counted as a new bout.
	Suckling	The behavior of calves while consuming milk from the udder. A phase during which a calf is allowed to suckle milk from the dam.
	Horning	The animals rub foreheads, horn bases, or horns against each other’s head or neck without obvious harmful intention. Neither of the opponents takes advantage of the situation to become victorious. A new bout is considered if the same animals start horning after 10 s or more, or if the horning partner changes.
Aggressive behavior	Displacement with physical contact	The actor buts, hits, thrusts, strikes, pushes, or penetrates the receiver with the forehead, horns, horn base, or any other part of the body in a forceful movement, resulting in the receiver giving up its position.
	Displacement without physical contact	The actor threatens or interacts with the receiver without making physical contact, resulting in the receiver giving up its position.
	Chasing	The actor makes an animal flee or give up its current position by following it rapidly or running behind it, sometimes with added threats, like jerky head movements. Chasing is recorded even if it is not followed by an interaction with physical contact.
	Fighting	Two contestants vigorously push their heads (foreheads, horn bases, and/or horns) against each other while planting their feet on the ground, both exerting force against each other. A new bout starts if the same animals restart fighting after more than 10 s, or if the fighting partner changes.