Figure 3.

VaM -induced cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells. (A) The cells were treated with VaM at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. The protein expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E1, and CDK6, which are cell cycle-associated markers, was confirmed by immunoblotting. The data were quantified and compared to that of the untreated groups. (B) Flow cytometry was used to analyze PI-stained cells. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001 compared to the condition with zero treatment concentration. The results are presented in the bar chart as the mean ± SD of the three independent experiments. Yellow circles represent the results of three independent experiments.