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. 2023 Jul 26;24(15):11988. doi: 10.3390/ijms241511988

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Potential combined effects of doxorubicin and VaM in breast cancer cells. Doxo was treated with or without VaM (250 μg/mL) for 24 h in MCF-7 cells. (A) Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. (B) The protein expression of p-STAT3 (Y705), STAT3, p-Src, Src, cleaved-PARP, and cleaved-caspase 3 was confirmed by immunoblotting. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 compared to the no treatment concentration group. ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001, and ^#### p < 0.0001 compared to only Doxo (1 μM) group. The results are presented in the bar chart as the mean ± SD of the three independent experiments. Yellow circles represent the results of three independent experiments.