Table 7.
Extracellular-vesicles-based biomarkers for ICIs response in NSCLC.
| Biomarker | Method | Key Finding |
|---|---|---|
| CD41a−/CD31+ /CD45− EVs |
LC-MS/MS | Pre-treatment concentration of EVs was correlated with survival and ICI response [139]. |
| EV-miR-625-5p | Nanostring nCounter | In anti-PD-1-treated patients, EV-miR-625-5p was found to discriminate favorable outcomes in PD-L1 expression ≥ 50% [138]. |
| PD-L1 EVs | Immunoblot | EVs with high PD-L1 expression were correlated to worse outcomes with ICIs and decreased OS and PFS [141]. Conversely, ICI responders presented a decrease in PD-L1 EVs [140]. |
| Protein EVs and mRNA EVs |
AuSERP biochip | Dual single-EV PD-1/PD-L1 mRNA detection identified ICI-responders and non-responders with an accuracy of 72.2% [142]. |
| Tetraspanins EVs (CD9, CD81, CD63) |
Flow citometry | ICI responders present higher levels of circulating tetraspanins, CD81, CD9, CD63, and CD81-EVs were significantly associated to a better PFS [135]. |
| TGF-β EVs | ELISA | High expression of TGF-β in EVs is associated with non-responders to ICI and present poorer OS and PFS [136]. |
LC-MS/MS—liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; EVs—extracellular vesicles; ICI—immune checkpoint inhibitor; PD-1—programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1—programmed cell death protein ligand 1; OS—overall survival; PFS—progression-free survival; ELISA—enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay.