Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of included studies and EM populations.

Author (YOP)	Study Design	Country	Population	Sample	Age (Mean)	Male	Female
Ferraro (2020) [11]	CS	Italy	Ambulance Crew	2361	34.8	2090	594
Rajan (2018) [36]	CS	South Africa	Physicians	100	35.1	42	51
Alqahtani (2019) [8]	CS	Saudi Arabia	Mixed	282	37	82	200
Takayesu (2014) [5]	CS	USA	Physicians	218	31.2	129	89
Mourkazel (2019) [32]	CS	France	Mixed	379	37.4	98	279
Soltanifar (2018) [39]	CS	Iran	Physicians	77	36	0	77
Lin (2019) [12]	CS	USA	Physicians	1522	31.3	879	643
Hamdan (2017) [26]	CS	Palestine	Mixed	444	32.5	341	103
Williams (2020) [40]	CS	USA	Physicians	30	32.1	-	-
Durand (2019) [10]	CS	France	Mixed	166	37.7	33	133
Schooley (2016) [37]	CS	Turkey	Mixed	250	-	135	115
Lu (2015) [31]	CS	USA	Physicians	77	-	48	29
Dam (2019) [23]	CS	USA	Physicians	222	31.8	150	70
Hutchison (2014) [27]	CS	Jamaica	Physicians	30	-	12	15
Jalili (2013) [28]	CS	Iran	Physicians	165	33.6	150	14
Lloyd (1994) [30]	CS	Canada	Physicians	268	38	233	35
Kuhn (2009) [29]	CS	USA	Mixed	193	-	140	53
Patterson (2020) [33]	CS	UK	Physicians	131	-	52	79
Popa (2010) [35]	CS	USA	Mixed	4725	33.6	3213	1512
Erdur (2015) [24]	CS	Turkey	Physicians	174	36.8	138	36
Bergemueler (2016) [20]	CS	Germany	Ambulance Crew	97	37	40	57
Escribà-Agüir (2007) [25]	CS	Spain	Mixed	639	-	356	279
Petrino (2022) [34]	CS	Turkey	Mixed	1925	-	1007	915
Mercuri (2022) [13]	CS	Canada	Physicians	416	44	220	196
Chang (2021) [9]	CS	USA	Physicians	22	-	-	-
Bhanja (2021) [21]	CS	USA	Mixed	944	39.3	221	421
Shopen (2022) [38]	CS	Israel	Physicians	88	-	59	29
Chor (2021) [22]	CS	Singapore	Mixed	337	-	109	228
Ben-Itzhak (2015) [19]	CS	Singapore	Physicians	337	-	49	21

YOP: year of publication; CS: cross-sectional; USA: United States of America.