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. 2023 Jul 28;24(15):12140. doi: 10.3390/ijms241512140

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Volcano plot analysis of metabolic changes under (a) normal, (b) 140 mM NaCl, (c) 24 mM LiCl, and (d) 280 mM mannitol conditions. A comparison of the samples containing KH60 with respect to the control samples without potassium humate was made to obtain significantly differentially accumulated metabolites. The X-axis indicates fold change threshold (FC ≥ 1.5), while the Y-axis represented the t-test threshold (p-value ≤ 0.05). Different colors represent different relative metabolite levels; red indicates significant up-accumulation and blue indicates significant down-accumulation of metabolites. Grey points represent metabolites for which no significant changes were observed.