AFMCS	amine-functionalized magnetic chitosan
AgNP	silver/silver oxide nanoparticles
BC	biochar
CCM	chitosan-calcite material
Ce–CCS	Ce(III)-impregnated cross-linked chitosan complex
Ce–CS–β-CD	chitosan-β-cyclodextrin sorbent with embedded cerium Ce3+ ions
CS/Ca–OMMT	chitosan/Ca-organically modified montmorillonite
CS/MWCNTs	chitosan modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes
CSB	chitosan bead
CSB–Cu	chitosan bead (CSB) modified copper ion (Cu(II))
CSBent	chitosan supported bentonite
CSB–G–Cu	chitosan bead (CSB) modified copper ion (Cu(II) glutaraldehyde cross-linked
CS–Fe	Fe(III)-doped chitosan composite
CS–Fe–CL	cross-linked Fe(III)-chitosan composite
CSH	chitosan hydrogel
CSHB	chitosan hydrogel beads (non-modified)
CSHs	chitosan hydrogel granules (non-modified)
CSHs-ECH	chitosan hydrogel granules cross-linked with epichlorohydrin
CS–La–N–20%	hydrogel immobilized with La(OH)3 nanoparticles within a quaternary–aminated chitosan
CS–Li@Fe3O4	magnetic Fe3O4 doped lignin-chitosan-based microspheres
CS–MgCBC	chitosan modified magnesium impregnated corn straw biochar and glutaraldehyde cross-linked
CSNP	chitosan nanoparticles
Cu(II)	loaded CS chitosan beads directly after the saturated adsorption of copper(II) ions
CZD	chitosan pre-modified diatomite composited with ZIF–8
EP	epichlorohydrin
Fe3O4/CS/PEI	polyethylenimine (PEI)-grafted chitosan (CS) core–shell
Fe–CS–Alg	Fe3+ loaded chitosan and alginate biopolymeric hybrid beads
FTIR	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis
GA	glutaraldehyde
GO	graphene oxide
HZCSB	hydrogel beads composed of zirconia and chitosan
i–PO4	phosphate(V) ions (PO43−, HPO42−, H2PO4−)
La–BCS	lanthanum/chitosan-modified bentonite
La–CS@PDA	lanthanum-modified chitosan with a protective coating of polydopamine
La–CTS–0X	non-cross-linked lanthanum-chitosan
La–CTS–1X/2X	glutaraldehyde cross-linked lanthanum-chitosan composites
LaFGO	lanthanum-flocculated graphene oxide
La–SBC–CS	lanthanum-modified sludge biochar chitosan
LC–CS–Fe	chitosan modified with acid-leached carbon waste and FeCl3
MCS	magnetic chitosan composite
MGO	magnetic graphene oxide
MGO/CS	magnetic graphene oxide chitosan composite
MK-CS	chitosan-encapsulated magnetic kaolin beads
MNP	magnetic nanoparticles
MNPsCS	chitosan composite of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed
nano–ZnO–CS	sorbents developed from CS and zinc compounds
NC@GO/Zr	Zr-nanochitosan/graphene oxide composite
PDA	polydopamine
PEG	polyethylene glycol
PEI	polyethylenimine
PFC	polyurethane foam impregnated with chitosan nanoparticles
PFCA	polyurethane foam impregnated with chitosan nanoparticles and silver/silver oxide nanoparticles
PUF	polyurethane foam
SEM	scanning electron microscope
SF	sponge filter
SPE	solid phase extraction
TAC	tetra-amine copper(II)
TAC@CS	composite chitosan beads by grafting tetra-amine copper(II) (TAC)
TETA	triethylene tetramine
TETA–MGO/CS	triethylene tetramine-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide chitosan composite
T–P	total phosphorous
ZCSB	chitosan hydrogel beads modified with Zr4+ ions
Zn(II)–CS	sorbents developed from CS and zinc compounds
ZnCCSB	chitosan beads carboxylated cross-linked with glutaraldehyde loaded with Zn(II)
ZnO–CS	sorbents developed from CS and zinc compounds
Zr–CMC/CMCS	Zr(IV)-cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel
ZrO2/SiO2 NM	nanofibrous membranes modified with ZrO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles