Table 1.
Descriptive analysis of the mixture of urinary bisphenols and study covariates based on heart disease. In each subgroup, the sample size is indicated in parentheses. Quantitative parameters are described as the arithmetic mean (standard deviation) or geometric mean (95% Confidence Interval) based on normality, and the dichotomous variables are represented as percentages. Statistical analysis of quantitative variables was performed using the T-test or Mann–Whitney test, as appropriate, and Fisher’s exact test was applied to dichotomous variables.
| Heart Disease | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Healthy (n = 2701) | HD (n = 313) | p-Value |
| Gender, men (%) | 1236 (45.76) | 171 (54.63) | 0.003 |
| Age | 43.96 (43.33–44.59) | 64.25 (62.71–65.84) | 0.000 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.47 (28.23–28.72) | 30.12 (29.36–30.91) | 0.000 |
| Mexican American | 409 (15.14) | 34 (10.86) | 0.000 |
| Other Hispanic | 299 (11.07) | 27 (8.63) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1000 (37.02) | 144 (46.01) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 582 (21.55) | 80 (25.56) | |
| Other Race—Including Multi-Racial | 411 (15.22) | 28 (8.95) | |
| Poverty/Income Ratio | 1.90 (1.83–1.96) | 1.56 (1.41–1.73) | 0.000 |
| Serum cotinine (mg/dL) | 0.25 (0.22–0.29) | 0.30 (0.19–0.47) | 0.36 |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | 101.2 (98.42–104.1) | 96.7 (89.64–104.3) | 0.076 |
| BP_Cmix (ng/g creat.) | 2.9 (2.80–3.00) | 3.41 (3.06–3.79) | 0.004 |
| ln-BP_Cmix (ng/g) | 1.06 (0.90) | 1.23 (0.97) | 0.004 |
| ΣBPmix (nM) | 12.96 (12.44–13.50) | 14.62 (12.85–16.62) | 0.101 |
| ln-ΣBPmix (nM) | 2.56 (1.09) | 2.68 (1.15) | 0.101 |
Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; BPmix, the mixture of urinary bisphenols; Creat, Creatinine. Bold: statistically significant values