Figure 3.

Resistance molecular mechanism of BPH-resistant genes in rice. BPH resistance genes regulation includes protein degradation, phytohormones, transcriptional regulatory factors, expression of defense genes, and other factors. These regulation pathways induce callose accumulation in sieve tubes, leading to sieve tube blockage, as well as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin accumulation in the cell wall of leaf sheaths, resulting in cell wall thickening, which inhibits the BPH feeding, growth, and reproduction, ultimately forming a molecular mechanism of resistance to brown planthopper invasion. The solid lines + arrow represent the activation way, the solid lines + endpoint represent the repression way, “?” and the dashed lines+arrow represent the unclear way. [Refering to the model map of BPH resistance molecular mechanism of Zheng et al. (2021) [92], and complementing and perfecting the molecular network mechanism related to all BPH-resistant genes].