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. 2023 Aug 7;16(15):5494. doi: 10.3390/ma16155494

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Peak analysis of XRD diffractograms with peak areas (left) and the FWHM (middle) of the representative peaks for anatase at 25.34° and rutile at 27.49°. Right: estimated crystallite sizes of anatase and rutile using the Scherrer formula.