Table 1.
Summary of radiotracers, mechanisms of uptake, and targets for imaging cardiovascular inflammation, injury, and healing response in cancer-related cardiotoxicity.
| Tracer | Mechanism of Uptake | Cellular Target (s) | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18F-FDG * | Glucose transporters 1 and 3 | Activated granulocytes ∫ and mononuclear cells ∮, ischemic/hypoxic myocytes | Inflammation/injury |
| 68Ga-Dotatate */Dotatoc | Somatostatin receptor sub-type 2 | Activated mononuclear cells ∮ | Inflammation |
| 18F-FLT | Thymidine kinase 1 | Proliferating granulocytes ∫ and mononuclear cells ∮ | Cellular proliferation |
| 18F-FMISO | Nitroreductase enzymes | Hypoxic cardiomyocytes | Hypoxia |
| 18F-DHMT ** | Reactive oxygen species | Activated macrophages, cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress | Cytotoxicity |
| 18F-NOS | Nitric oxide synthase | Activated macrophages, cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress | Inflammation |
| 68Ga-pentixafor | CXCR4 | Active monocytes and macrophages, cardiomyocytes under stress | Inflammation |
| 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i ** | CCR2 | Activated monocytes and macrophages | Inflammation |
| Cu-ATSM | Mitochondrial Electron Transport System | Hypoxic cardiomyocytes | Hypoxia |
| 68Ga-FAPI | Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor | Activated fibroblasts | Fibrosis |
| 123I-MIBG | Norepinephrine transporter uptake | Pre-synaptic neurons | Sympathetic innervation |
| 111In-antimyosin | Exposed myosin | Sarcolemmal damage | Necrosis |
| 123I-BMIPP | α-oxidation and β-oxidation | Metabolically active cells | Fatty acid metabolism |
* FDA-approved radiotracer for clinical use; ** pre-clinical phase. No published human data on cardiotoxicity. ∫ granulocyte cells = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. ∮ mononuclear cells = lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. FDG = fluorodeoxyglucose; FLT = fluorothymidine. MMP = matrix metalloproteinases; BMIPP = beta-methyl-p-iodophenylpentadecanoic acid; MIBG = metaiodobenzylguanidine; HER2 = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.