Figure 2.

Differentiated evaluation of immunohistochemical markers in EMBs refines the diagnosis of intramyocardial inflammation. In a patient cohort of 450 patients with unexplained heart failure, 30.8% were characterized as inflammation negative (white) by immunohistochemistry, 43% of the patients showed elevated CD3 levels (grey), while the remaining 26% showed CD3 levels below the cut-off value (colored). Consideration of additional markers such as CD45R0, MAC-1, and LFA-1 provides evidence of inflammation in these patients despite normal CD3 levels (own data). These data indicate that an expansion of immunohistochemical parameters is urgently needed.