Table 3.
Regional associations of HIV-1 recombinants, CRFs, and URFs with key populations relative to heterosexual people, 1990–2015.
| GLOBAL* | Latin America | Western and central Europe, and North America | Eastern Europe and central Asia | South Asia | Southeast Asia | East Asia | West Africa | East Africa | Central Africa | Southern Africa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recombinants | |||||||||||
| MSM | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.46 (0.31–0.67) | 0.18 (0.16–0.20) | – | – | 0.67 (0.42–1.05) | 1.94 (1.60–2.34) | 1.44 (1.14–1.82) | – | – | 1.13 (0.35–3.60) |
| PWID | 2.60 (2.46–2.74) | 4.16 (3.02–5.74) | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 19.98 (6.30–63.34) | 4.18 (0.98–17.83) | 0.06 (0.05–0.07) | 3.20 (2.50–4.09) | – | – | – | – |
| VERT | 0.58 (0.54–0.63) | 3.10 (2.50–3.85) | 0.69 (0.55–0.88) | – | – | 12.12 (1.69–86.98) | 0.79 (0.30–2.04) | 3.39 (2.04–5.63) | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) | 0.14 (0.03–0.56) |
| CSW | 1.59 (1.44–1.75) | 15.58 (10.63–22.85) | – | – | – | 1.96 (0.62–6.21) | – | 0.68 (0.56–0.82) | 3.36 (2.85–3.97) | – | – |
| BLOOD | 0.43 (0.33–0.56) | – | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | – | – | – | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | – | – | – | – |
| CRFs | |||||||||||
| MSM | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) | – | 0.18 (0.16–0.20) | – | – | 0.59 (0.37–0.92) | 1.92 (1.59–2.32) | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | – | – | – |
| PWID | 2.99 (2.83–3.16) | 2.72 (1.45–5.11) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 54.89 (7.62–395.26) | – | 0.05 (0.05–0.07) | 3.26 (2.55–4.18) | – | – | – | – |
| VERT | 0.49 (0.44–0.53) | 1.85 (1.20–2.86) | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) | – | – | 12.28 (1.71–88.12) | 0.77 (0.29–2.02) | 3.40 (2.03–5.68) | 0.58 (0.24–1.43) | 0.72 (0.47–1.09) | 0.29 (0.07–1.22) |
| CSW | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | – | – | – | – | 1.98 (0.62–6.29) | – | 0.77 (0.64–0.93) | – | – | – |
| BLOOD | 0.43 (0.32–0.56) | – | 0.65 (0.45–0.92) | – | – | – | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | – | – | – | – |
| URFs | |||||||||||
| MSM | 0.44 (0.40–0.48) | 0.66 (0.45–0.97) | 0.18 (0.15–0.23) | – | – | 11.98 (7.91–18.13) | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) | 2.44 (1.80–3.30) | – | – | 2.12 (0.65–6.89) |
| PWID | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) | 4.80 (3.36–6.85) | 0.52 (0.35–0.75) | 2.54 (0.56–11.52) | 5.22 (1.15–23.78) | 6.61 (4.62–9.47) | 0.53 (0.31–0.89) | – | – | – | – |
| VERT | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 3.65 (2.86–4.66) | 0.51 (0.28–0.91) | – | – | – | 1.50 (0.19–11.84) | 0.98 (0.53–1.80) | 1.15 (0.89–1.47) | 0.90 (0.59–1.35) | – |
| CSW | 3.61 (3.15–4.13) | 22.46 (15.17–33.23) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.06 (0.01–0.23) | 3.81 (3.22–4.51) | – | – |
| BLOOD | 0.45 (0.26–0.77) | – | 0.97 (0.54–1.76) | – | – | – | 2.37 (0.52–10.76) | – | – | – | – |
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals by region for binomial/multinomial logistic regression between key populations and recombinants, CRFs, and URFs compared to HIV-1 subtypes. Significant results are in bold.
*Regions with insufficient data on key populations to fit a logistic regression model for recombinants (Caribbean, Ethiopia, Middle East and North Africa, Oceania) were included in the global association, but not as independent regions.
Additional data on global and regional odds ratios of key populations and HIV-1 recombinants is included in the Appendix pp11–13.
BLOOD, blood/plasma transfusion associated infections; CRF, circulating recombinant form; CSW, commercial sex workers; HET, heterosexual; MSM, men who have sex with men; PWID, people who inject drugs; URF, unique recombinant form; VERT, vertical transmission (mother to child).