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. 2023 Aug 6;12(15):5148. doi: 10.3390/jcm12155148

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The causes of class II dysgnathy. (A,B) The class II skeletal malocclusion phenotype is characterized by mandibular retrusion (mandibular retrognathism), with (A) a diagram and (B) a lateral view of a patient with this phenotype. (C,D) The class II skeletal malocclusion phenotype is characterized by a maxillary protrusion (maxillary prognathism), with (C) a diagram and (D) a lateral view of a patient with this phenotype. (E,F) The class II skeletal malocclusion phenotype is characterized by a combination of maxillary protrusion (maxillary prognathism) and mandibular retrotrusion (mandibular retrognathism), with (E) a diagram and (F) a lateral view of a patient with this phenotype. The arrows show if there is a mandibular retrognathism or/and maxillary prognathism.