Table 2.
Association between frailty and number of outpatient visits in China, 2011–2015.
| Variables | Number of outpatient visits, IRR (95%CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | Model 4 d | Model 5 e | |
| Every one-component increase in frailty | 1.16 (1.11,1.22)*** | 1.17 (1.12,1.23)*** | 1.18 (1.13,1.24)*** | 1.17 (1.12,1.22)*** | 1.13 (1.08,1.19)*** |
| Frailty phenotype | |||||
| Robust | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Pre-frail | 1.34 (1.21,1.48)*** | 1.34 (1.21,1.48)*** | 1.35 (1.22,1.50)*** | 1.34 (1.21,1.48)*** | 1.28 (1.16,1.41)*** |
| Frail | 1.58 (1.35,1.86)*** | 1.61 (1.37,1.90)*** | 1.67 (1.41,1.96)*** | 1.61 (1.37,1.90)*** | 1.45 (1.23,1.71)*** |
| Frailty phenotype components | |||||
| Weight loss (ref: no weight loss) | 1.43 (1.26,1.62)*** | 1.43 (1.26,1.62)*** | 1.42 (1.25,1.61)*** | 1.41 (1.24,1.59)*** | 1.33 (1.18,1.51)*** |
| Exhaustion (ref: no exhaustion) | 1.57 (1.44,1.72)*** | 1.56 (1.42,1.71)*** | 1.56 (1.42,1.71)*** | 1.54 (1.41,1.69)*** | 1.44 (1.32,1.58)*** |
| Low physical activity (ref: no inactivity) | 0.90 (0.81,1.01) | 0.91 (0.80,1.01) | 0.92 (0.82,1.03) | 0.92 (0.82,1.03) | 0.92 (0.82,1.03) |
| Slowness (ref: no slowness) | 1.08 (0.97,1.2) | 1.08 (0.97,1.21) | 1.08 (0.97,1.21) | 1.06 (0.95,1.19) | 1.05 (0.94,1.17) |
| Weakness (ref: no weakness) | 1.07 (0.95,1.19) | 1.09 (0.97,1.22) | 1.11 (0.99,1.24) | 1.08 (0.96,1.21) | 1.03 (0.92,1.16) |
Model 1 was a crude model without adjustment for any covariates.
Model 2 was adjusted for age and gender.
Model 3 was adjusted for age, gender, marital status, educational level, living residence status, socioeconomic status quartiles, health insurance type, and economic development regions.
Model 4 was adjusted for age, gender, marital status, educational level, living residence status, socioeconomic status quartiles, health insurance type, economic development regions, smoking status, and drinking frequency.
Model 5 was adjusted for age, gender, marital status, educational level, living residence status, socioeconomic status quartiles, health insurance type, economic development regions, smoking status, drinking frequency, and the number of chronic non-communicable diseases.
p < 0.001. IRR, incidence rate ratio; CI, confidence interval.