Table 1.
Gigartinales with the carrageenan constituents and corresponding chemical composition of K2 extracted using the listed protocol (alkali or water extraction). Data are taken from the references listed in the last column (Ref.), where blends of generic phases or reproductive plants are studied. The K content is given in mol.% computed from the NMR data reported in the corresponding reference study. L stands for lambda-carrageenan (G2S-D2S,6S) and T for theta-carrageenan (G2S-DA2S).
| Seaweed Species | Carrageenans in Seaweeds |
Extraction | K Content in K2 | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis | K, I, M | water | 50–55 | [26] |
| alkali | 17–35 a,b | [27] | ||
| K, I, M, N | alkali | 30–50 c | [28] | |
| K, I, M, N | water | 42–50 c | [28] | |
| Chondracanthus acicularis | K, I | alkali | 76 | [10,22] |
| K, I, M, N, L, T | [23] | |||
| T | [24] | |||
| water/alkali | 60 a | [27] | ||
| Chondracanthus canaliculatus | K, I c | alkali | 78 | [10,22] |
| Chondracanthus chamissoi | K, I, T | alkali | 82 | [10,22] |
| water | 35–100 b | [29] | ||
| water | 59 | [30] | ||
| alkali | 64 | [30] | ||
| Chondracanthus corymbiferus | K, I | alkali | 74 | [10,22] |
| Chondracanthus teedei | K, I, M, N, T | alkali | 50 | [24,25] |
| water/alkali | 53–58 a | [27] | ||
| K, I, N | alkali | 50–58 c | [10,22] | |
| Chondrus canaliculata | K, L, T | alkali | 69 | [10,22] |
| Chondrus crispus | K, I, M, L, T c | alkali | 30–81 c | [10,22] |
| K, I, M, L | [24] | |||
| K, I, M | water | 60–70 | [26] | |
| alkali | 70 a | [27] | ||
| alkali | 64 a | [31] | ||
| alkali | 71–72 | [32] | ||
| K, M, N | alkali | 65–84 c | [28] | |
| K, M, N | water | 65–75 c | [28] | |
| Chondrus ocellatus | K, I, L | 85 | [10,22] | |
| Eucheuma isiforme | I | alkali | 60 | [10,22] |
| Eucheuma platycladum | K, I | alkali | 83 | [10,22] |
| Gigartina alveata | K, L | alkali | 64 | [10,22] |
| Gigartina bracteata | K, L | [10] | ||
| Gigartina chamissoi | alkali | 54 | [22] | |
| alkali | 57 | [32] | ||
| Gigartina clathrata | alkali | 80 | [22] | |
| Gigartina pistillata | K, I, M, N, L | [24] | ||
| K, I | 41–45 | [10,22] | ||
| KIM, L, T | [23] | |||
| alkali | 35–49 a | [27] | ||
| Gigartina radula | K, L | alkali | 50 | [10,22] |
| Gigartina skottsbergii d | K, I, M, N, L c | alkali | 59 | [10,22] |
| alkali | 57 | [32] | ||
| water | 62 | [33] | ||
| water | 70 | [34] | ||
| Gymnogongrus crenulatus | K, I, L | alkali | 64 c | [10,22] |
| alkali | 60–64 | [27] | ||
| Gymnogongrus humilis | K, I | alkali | 68 | [10,22] |
| Gymnogongrus tenuis | water | 14–51 b,c | [35] | |
| Gymnogongrus torulosus | alkali | 45 | [10] | |
| Gymnogongrus vermicularis | alkali | 71 | [10] | |
| Iridaea undulosa | alkali | 58–62 | [10] | |
| Iridaea cordata | water | 42 a,b,c–66 a | [36] | |
| Mastocarpus pacificus | water | >50 | [37] | |
| Mastocarpus stellatus | K, I, M, N, L c | alkali | 74 | [10,22] |
| K, I, M, N | [23,24] | |||
| K, I, M, N | water | 53–67 | [26] | |
| alkali | 62 a | [27] | ||
| water | 55–64 a | [38] | ||
| K, M, N | alkali | 62–80 a | [39] | |
| K, M, N | water | 62–65 a | [39] | |
| Mazzaella laminarioides | I, L | alkali | 55–75 c | [10,22] |
| K, I, M, N | [40] | |||
| water | 46 b | [30] | ||
| alkali | 54 | [30] | ||
| Mazzaella parksii | water | 63–79 c | [41] | |
| Mazzaella splendens | K, I, L, T | alkali | 72 | [10,22] |
| Sarcothalia crispata | K, I, M, N | [24] | ||
| K, I, M, N, L, T c | alkali | 40–63 | [10,22] | |
| water | 51 | [30] | ||
| alkali | 56 | [30] | ||
| water | 56 | [34] | ||
| Sarcothalia radula | water | 45 | [30] | |
| alkali | 53 | [30] | ||
| Turnerella mertensiana | water | 65 c | [42] | |
| alkali | 82 | [42] |