Table 1.
Radioprotective effect of propolis in cell-based studies.
| Type of Propolis Preparation (Concentration) | Radiation Type and Dose | Studied Sample | Main Outcomes | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EEP (3–33 µg/mL) |
60Co γ-irradiation (1 Gy) |
CHO-K1 cells | Decrease tendency in the quantity of radio-induced damage on cells that had been pre-treated with EEP |
[7] |
| EEP (pretreated cells during 15 and 30 min with concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 μg/mL) |
60Co γ-irradiation (3 Gy with 600 s of total time of exposure to radiation) |
Fibroblast cells | Reduction in γ-ray-induced DNA damage in cells that were treated with EEP | [8] |
| EEP (20, 40, 120, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL) |
60Co γ-irradiation (2 Gy with 600 s of total time of exposure to radiation) |
Human lymphocytes | Decrease in the frequency of chromosome aberrations in samples treated with EEP. The protection against the formation of dicentrics, a specific type of chromosome aberration, exhibited a concentration-dependent pattern, with the maximum protection observed at a concentration of 120 μg/mL of EEP. The relationship between the observed frequency of dicentrics and EEP concentration followed a negative exponential function, suggesting that approximately 44% of dicentrics could be effectively protected against at the maximum concentration of EEP | [9] |
| EEP (0–250 mg/mL; 1, 4, 24 h) | X-rays (0–6 Gy, single dose) |
HNSCC cell lines (FaDu, UT-SCC15, UT-SCC45), fibroblasts (HSF2) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) | Reduction in cell growth and clonogenic survival, following a time- and concentration-dependent pattern. Additionally, propolis induced apoptosis, as evidenced by Caspase 3 cleavage. Furthermore, propolis treatment led to an increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B/Akt1 (Akt1), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) | [10] |
| EEP (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL of EEP and 30, 50, and 100 μg/mL of EEP for cell viability and clonogenic assays, respectively) |
60Co γ-irradiation (dose rate of 2.82 Gy/min with a 90% attenuator, at doses of 1, 2, 4 and 6 Gy) |
CHO-K1 cells | Demonstrate, at 30 μg/mL, a radio-protective effect by reducing radiation-induced DNA damage in irradiated CHO-K1 cells. Moreover, at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, propolis exhibited a significant proliferative effect when combined with radiation, resulting in a decrease in the percentage of necrotic cells. Additionally, the concentration of 50 μg/mL of propolis showed a significant stimulating effect on cell proliferation | [11] |
| Tetragona clavipes propolis extracts (aqueous solution at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5 and 10%) |
60Co γ-irradiation (2 and 5 Gy) |
Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) | Increase in cell viability, particularly in the 5% and 10% concentrations of the extract, when incubated in culture, even after exposure to a radiation dose of 5 Gy | [12] |
| EEP of Brazilian Green Propolis | 5 mJ/cm2 of UV-B light for 7 s and after 6 h from UVB irradiation | Human skin derived-immortal keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT cells | In weakly UVB-exposed cells, the application of propolis was found to effectively suppress TJ (tight junction) permeability, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production, and the nitration level of CLDN1 | [13] |
| Propolis wax from Tetragonula sp. bees | 4 J/cm2 of UV A light | Human Embryonic Kidney 293 T and fibroblast cells lines | Provide protection to cells against the formation of free radicals induced by UV radiation. This protection was achieved by maintaining the cell proliferation rate, reducing the production of free radicals following UV exposure, and decreasing the number of cell deaths | [14] |
EEP: Ethanolic extract of propolis.