Table 2.
Chemical composition of the aromatic compounds and essential oil of P. marginatum lato sensu; SDE: simultaneous distillation–extraction; HD: hydrodistillation; SD: steam distillation; L: leaves; St: stems; s: spikes; Nov: November; Mar: March (concentration in area relative to percentage).
| Piper marginatum | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (SDE) | (HD) | (SD) | ||||||
| Constituents | * IRL | ** IRC | L-St-Nov | L-St-Mar | s-Mar | L-St-Nov | L-St-Mar | L-St-Nov |
| (2E)-Hexenal | 846 | 846 | 0.2 | |||||
| α-Pinene | 932 | 932 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 0.4 | ||
| Camphene | 946 | 946 | 0.2 | 0.1 | ||||
| Sabinene | 969 | 969 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 0.5 | |||
| β-Pinene | 974 | 974 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.2 | |
| Myrcene | 988 | 988 | 1.6 | |||||
| δ-3-Carene | 1008 | 1001 | 0.3 | 0.2 | ||||
| δ-2-Carene | 1001 | 1008 | 0.9 | |||||
| Limonene | 1024 | 1024 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | ||
| (Z)-β-Ocimene | 1032 | 1032 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.8 | ||
| (E)-β-Ocimene | 1044 | 1044 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | ||
| Terpinolene | 1086 | 1083 | 0.1 | |||||
| Linalool | 1095 | 1095 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 0. 2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | |
| Allo-ocimene | 1128 | 1125 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | ||
| (E)-Pinocarveol | 1135 | 1135 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.04 | |||
| (E)-Verbenol | 1140 | 1140 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
| Camphor | 1141 | 1141 | 0.2 | |||||
| Isoborneol | 1155 | 1155 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.04 | |||
| p-Mentha-1.5-dien-8-ol | 1166 | 1166 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||
| Naphthalene | 1178 | 1178 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||
| Methyl chavicol | 1195 | 1195 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| (Z)-Anethole | 1249 | 1249 | 6.8 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.5 |
| (E)-Anethole | 1282 | 1282 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 5.4 | 2.8 |
| Safrole | 1285 | 1285 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||||
| δ-Elemene | 1335 | 1335 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 1.4 |
| α-Cubebene | 1345 | 1345 | 0.1 | |||||
| α-Ylangene | 1373 | 1363 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| α-Copaene | 1374 | 1374 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 0.8 |
| β-Bourbonene | 1387 | 1387 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| β-Cubebene | 1387 | 1387 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1 | |||
| β-Elemene | 1389 | 1389 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | |||
| Methyl eugenol | 1403 | 1403 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 0.1 | ||
| β-Caryophyllene | 1417 | 1413 | 2 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 2.4 |
| γ-Elemene | 1434 | 1425 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | |||
| β-Copaene | 1430 | 1430 | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||||
| α-Guayene | 1437 | 1431 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||
| Aromadendrene | 1439 | 1440 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
| Isoosmorhizole | 1466 | 1452 | 24.5 | 15.2 | 1.6 | 13.1 | 14.2 | 14.8 |
| Croweacin | 1457 | 1457 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 2.3 |
| trans-Cadina-1 (6), 4-diene | 1475 | 1467 | 0.2 | |||||
| γ-Gurjunene | 1475 | 1475 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |||
| γ-Muurolene | 1478 | 1478 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | |
| Germacrene D | 1484 | 1484 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||
| β-Selinene | 1489 | 1489 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | ||
| (E)-Methyl-isoeugenol | 1491 | 1491 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
| δ-Selinene | 1492 | 1492 | 0.5 | 0.6 | ||||
| (E)-Muurola-4 (14),5-diene | 1493 | 1493 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||||
| Bicyclogermacrene | 1500 | 1500 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 1 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 1.4 |
| α-Muurolene | 1500 | 1500 | 0.5 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | |
| β-Dihydro agarofuran | 1504 | 1503 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | ||
| (E)-Isoosmorhizole | 1517 | 1504 | 32.9 | 19.4 | 29.8 | 22.1 | 23.3 | 24.1 |
| Cubebol | 1514 | 1508 | 0.3 | 0.3 | ||||
| γ-Cadinene | 1513 | 1509 | 0.8 | |||||
| δ-Cadinene | 1522 | 1513 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | ||
| 2.4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde | 1526 | 1522 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||
| 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)propiophenone | 1545 | 1523 | 0.1 | |||||
| Elemicin | 1555 | 1555 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||
| Germacrene B | 1559 | 1559 | 0.1 | |||||
| (E)-Nerol idol | 1561 | 1561 | 0.5 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |
| (E)-Isoelemicin | 1568 | 1568 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |
| Spathulenol | 1577 | 1569 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 |
| Junenol | 1618 | 1618 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |||
| (Z)-Asarone | 1616 | 1619 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | |
| isomer-2-Methoxy-4.5-methylenedioxypropiophenone | 1635 | 1625 | 11.6 | 13.9 | 1.6 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 14.3 |
| Exalatacin | 1655 | 1640 | 0.3 | 0.5 | ||||
| β-Eudesmol | 1649 | 1647 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.9 | |
| Selin-11-en-4α-ol | 1658 | 1658 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Intermedeol | 1665 | 1659 | 0.2 | 0.4 | ||||
| (E)-Asarone | 1675 | 1675 | 1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.9 |
| 2-Methoxy-4,5-(methylenedioxy)-propiophenone | 1713 | 1700 | 9.5 | 9 | 19.9 | 16.3 | 12.7 | 18.8 |
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 3.4 | 10.9 | 13 | 7.8 | 5.1 | 0.1 | ||
| Oxygenated monoterpenes | 0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.18 | 0 | ||
| Hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes | 4.9 | 14.7 | 12.24 | 12.1 | 14.1 | 11.5 | ||
| Oxygenated sequiterpenes | 0.9 | 3.6 | 5.34 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 4 | ||
| Arylpropanoids | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.5 | ||
| Phenylalkanoids | 21.1 | 22.9 | 21.5 | 29.2 | 25.1 | 33.1 | ||
| Phenylpropanoids | 69.5 | 44.1 | 37.93 | 44.9 | 48.3 | 48.2 | ||
| Others | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Total | 99.8 | 96.6 | 90.51 | 97.2 | 95.98 | 97.4 | ||