Table 4.
Correlates of biomarkers for cobalamin status among children aged 12 to 59 months with stunting 1.
| Plasma Cobalamin, pmol/L (N = 719) | Plasma Methylmalonic Acid, % 2 (N = 733) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Model 1 ‡ β (95% CI) |
p | Model 2 § β (95% CI) |
p | n | Model 1 ‡ 10 β (95% CI) |
p | Model 2 § 10 β (95% CI) |
p | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Boy | 392 | - | - | - | - | 400 | - | - | - | - |
| Girls | 327 | 18 (−1; 38) | 0.06 | 17 (−2; 37) | 0.08 | 333 | −13 (−22; −4) | 0.008 | −12 (−21; −2) | 0.01 |
| Age, months | ||||||||||
| 12–23 | 208 | - | - | - | - | 213 | - | - | - | - |
| 24–35 | 246 | −16 (−40; 9) | 0.21 | −14 (−38; 10) | 0.24 | 252 | −9 (−20; 4) | 0.18 | −9 (−20; 5) | 0.19 |
| 36–59 | 265 | −1 (−25; 23) | 0.94 | −1 (−25; 23) | 0.95 | 268 | −9 (−20; 4) | 0.18 | −7 (−18; 7) | 0.31 |
| Stunting degree | ||||||||||
| Moderate | 415 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Severe | 304 | 6 (−14; 25) | 0.53 | 7 (−14; 27) | 0.51 | 306 | 5 (−6; 17) | 0.35 | 1 (−9; 13) | 0.80 |
| Breastfed currently | ||||||||||
| No | 626 | - | - | - | - | 640 | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | 89 | −24 (−58; 10) | 0.17 | −29 (−63; 5) | 0.09 | 89 | 49 (24; 80) | <0.001 | 59 (31; 92) | <0.001 |
| Malaria rapid test | ||||||||||
| Negative | 430 | - | - | - | - | 438 | - | - | - | - |
| Positive | 279 | −41 (−61; −21) | <0.001 | −34 (−57; −12) | 0.003 | 285 | 31 (17; 47) | <0.001 | 33 (18; 51) | <0.001 |
| Serum C-reactive protein, mg/L | ||||||||||
| <2 | 379 | - | - | 388 | - | - | ||||
| 2–<5 | 92 | 1 (−29; 31) | 0.94 | 94 | 5 (−11; 23) | 0.60 | ||||
| 5–<10 | 85 | −13 (−44; 18) | 0.40 | 86 | −1 (−17; 17) | 0.87 | ||||
| 10–15 | 32 | −7 (−55; 40) | 0.76 | 32 | −3 (−26; 26) | 0.80 | ||||
| >15 | 125 | −44 (−71; −18) | 0.001 | 127 | 2 (−12; 18) | 0.79 | ||||
| Serum α1-acid glycoprotein, g/L | ||||||||||
| <0.8 | 135 | - | - | 137 | - | - | ||||
| 0.8–1.2 | 224 | 9 (−21; 35) | 0.63 | 229 | 16 (−1; 30) | 0.01 | ||||
| >1.2 | 354 | −8 (−34; 18) | 0.56 | 361 | 24 (8; 44) | 0.003 | ||||
| Serum folate, nmol/L | ||||||||||
| >30 | 422 | - | - | - | - | 422 | - | - | - | - |
| 20–30 | 202 | −3 (−26; 19) | 0.77 | 0 (−23; 22) | 0.98 | 202 | −1 (−12; 12) | 0.87 | −4 (−15; 8) | 0.50 |
| <20 | 62 | 29 (−6; 66) | 0.10 | 35 (0; 71) | 0.05 | 62 | −21 (−35; −4) | 0.01 | −24 (−37; −7) | 0.007 |
1 Data are number, mean difference or percentage (ratio of geometric means), and 95% confidence interval. 2 Log-transformed, the back-transformed regression coefficient 10 β reflects percentage change in plasma methylmalonic acid per 1-unit increase in the correlates. ‡ Model 1 Linear regression analysis adjusting for age and sex. Age was adjusted for sex, and vice versa. § Model 2 Linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, and inflammation. Serum C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein as categorical variables were used to adjust for inflammation, but mutually adjusted coefficients are not shown.