Table 5.
Correlates of biomarkers of folate and retinol status among children aged 12 to 59 months with stunting 1.
| Plasma Folate, nmol/L (N = 692) | Serum Retinol Binding Protein, µmol/L (N = 741) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Model 1 ‡ β (95% CI) |
p | Model 2 § β (95% CI) |
p | n | Model 1 ‡ β (95% CI) |
p | Model 2 § β (95% CI) |
p | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Boy | 383 | - | - | - | - | 407 | - | - | - | |
| Girls | 309 | 2.2 (0.5; 3.9) | 0.01 | 1.9 (0.2; 3.6) | 0.02 | 334 | 0.02 (−0.02; 0.06) | 0.32 | 0.01 (−0.03; 0.05) | 0.657 |
| Age, months | ||||||||||
| 12–23 | 199 | - | - | - | - | 218 | - | - | - | - |
| 24–35 | 231 | 1.9 (−0.2; 4.0) | 0.07 | 2.1 (0.0; 4.2) | 0.04 | 256 | −0.03 (−0.08; 0.03) | 0.32 | −0.02 (−0.07; 0.03) | 0.43 |
| 36–59 | 262 | 3.5 (1.5; 5.6) | 0.001 | 3.5 (1.5; 5.6) | 0.001 | 267 | −0.05 (−0.10; 0.01) | 0.08 | −0.04 (−0.08; 0.01) | 0.14 |
| Stunting degree | ||||||||||
| Moderate | 401 | - | - | - | - | 430 | - | - | - | - |
| Severe | 291 | 0.0 (−1.7; 1.6) | 0.96 | 0.6 (−1.1; 2.4) | 0.47 | 311 | −0.01 (−0.06; 0.03) | 0.545 | 0.01 (−0.03; 0.05) | 0.775 |
| Breastfed currently | ||||||||||
| No | 605 | - | - | - | - | 643 | ||||
| Yes | 83 | 4.7 (1.7; 7.6) | 0.002 | 4.5 (1.6; 7.5) | 0.003 | 94 | 0.13 (0.05; 0.20) | 0.001 | 0.12 (0.05; 0.19) | 0.001 |
| Malaria rapid test | ||||||||||
| Negative | 416 | - | - | - | - | 439 | - | - | - | - |
| Positive | 266 | −2.2 (−3.9; −0.5) | 0.01 | −0.8 (−2.7; 1.1) | 0.41 | 291 | −0.05 (−0.09; 0.00) | 0.03 | 0.06 (0.02; 0.11) | 0.004 |
| Serum C-reactive protein, mg/L | ||||||||||
| <2 | 369 | - | - | 396 | - | - | ||||
| 2–<5 | 87 | −2.7 (−5.3; −0.1) | 0.04 | 94 | −0.10 (−0.16; −0.04) | 0.001 | ||||
| 5–<10 | 80 | −2.5 (−5.2; 0.2) | 0.06 | 88 | −0.07 (−0.13; −0.01) | 0.02 | ||||
| 10–15 | 32 | −1.8 (−5.8; 2.2) | 0.38 | 35 | −0.25 (−0.34; −0.16) | <0.001 | ||||
| >15 | 119 | −3.67 (−6.0; −1.4) | 0.002 | 128 | −0.29 (−0.35; −0.24) | <0.001 | ||||
| Serum α1-acid glycoprotein, g/L | ||||||||||
| <0.8 | 136 | - | - | 139 | - | - | ||||
| 0.8–1.2 | 219 | −2.3 (−4.7; 0.0) | 0.05 | 232 | −0.02 (−0.07; 0.04) | 0.61 | ||||
| >1.2 | 332 | −4.6 (−6.8; −2.4) | <0.001 | 370 | −0.16 (−0.22; −0.11) | <0.001 | ||||
| Plasma cobalamin, pmol/L | ||||||||||
| >221 | 530 | - | - | - | - | |||||
| 148–221 | 138 | 1.0 (−1.1, 3.1) | 0.35 | 1.2 (−0.9, 3.3) | 0.25 | |||||
| <148 | 24 | 3.6 (−1.0, 8.2) | 0.12 | 3.3 (−1.2, 7.9) | 0.15 | |||||
1 Data are number, mean difference, and 95% confidence interval. ‡ Model 1 Linear regression analysis adjusting for age and sex. Age was adjusted for sex, and vice versa. § Model 2 Linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, and inflammation. Serum C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein as categorical variables were used to adjust for inflammation, but mutually adjusted coefficients are not shown.