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. 2023 Jul 25;15(15):3301. doi: 10.3390/nu15153301

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The results and the level of evidence of the effect of vitamin E intake or circulating α-tocopherol and risk of multiple health outcomes. (A) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of supplemental vitamin E and risk of health outcomes (binary variable). (B) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of supplemental vitamin E and risk of health outcomes (continuous variable). (C) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of dietary vitamin E and risk of health outcomes (binary variable). (D) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of total vitamin E and risk of health outcomes (binary variable). (E) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of circulating α-tocopherol levels and risk of health outcomes (binary variable). (F) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of circulating α-tocopherol levels and risk of health outcomes (continuous variable). ○○○ indicates I² ≤ 25%, ●○○ indicates 25% < I² ≤ 50%, ●●○ indicates 50% < I² ≤ 75%, ●●● indicates I² ≥ 75%.

The results and the level of evidence of the effect of vitamin E intake or circulating α-tocopherol and risk of multiple health outcomes. (A) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of supplemental vitamin E and risk of health outcomes (binary variable). (B) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of supplemental vitamin E and risk of health outcomes (continuous variable). (C) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of dietary vitamin E and risk of health outcomes (binary variable). (D) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of total vitamin E and risk of health outcomes (binary variable). (E) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of circulating α-tocopherol levels and risk of health outcomes (binary variable). (F) The results and the level of evidence of the effect of circulating α-tocopherol levels and risk of health outcomes (continuous variable). ○○○ indicates I² ≤ 25%, ●○○ indicates 25% < I² ≤ 50%, ●●○ indicates 50% < I² ≤ 75%, ●●● indicates I² ≥ 75%.