Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies for association between muscle-strengthening activity and all-cause mortality.
| Author, Year of Publication, Country | Age * | Sample size | Follow-Up (Years) † |
No. of Cases |
Exposure | Exposure Assessment |
Comparison of Meat Intake |
Effect Size (95% CI) § |
Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhao, 2020, | ≥18 | 479,856 | 8.75 | 59,819 | MSA | Self-reported | <2 times/week | HR 1 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 |
| US | ≥2 times/week | HR 0.89 (0.85–0.94) | |||||||
| Stamatakis, | ≥19 | 72,459 | 9.2 | 5763 | Strength- | Questionnaire | None | HR 1 | 1,2,4,6,7,8,11,12 |
| 2017, UK | promoting exercise | Any | HR 0.77 (0.69–0.87) | ||||||
| Kamada, 2017, | 62.2 | 28,879 | 12 | 3055 | Strength | Questionnaire | 0 | RR 1 | 2,3,4,6,7,8,13,14,15,16, |
| US | (Mean) | training | ≥150 min/week | RR 1.10 (0.77–1.56) | 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 | ||||
| LIU, 2018, US | 18–89 | 12,591 | 10 | 276 | Resistance | Questionnaire | 0 | HR 1 | 1,2,6,7,8,24,27,29,30 |
| exercise | ≥120 min/week | HR 1.03 (0.59–1.80) | |||||||
| Patel, | 70.2 | 72,462 | 13 | 17,750 | MSA | Questionnaire | 0 | HR 1 | 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,31,32,33, |
| 2020, US | ≥2 h/week | HR 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 34,35,36,37 | ||||||
| Porter, 2020, | 46.3 | 17,938 | 11.9 | 3799 | Weightlifting | Questionnaire | No | HR 1 | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,38 |
| US | (Mean) | Yes | HR 0.89 (0.67–1.17) | ||||||
| Hsu, 2017, | ≥70 | 1705 | 7 | 519 | Muscle- | Questionnaire | No | HR 1 | 2,3,4,6,7,8,26,27,36,50, |
| Australia | strengthening exercise | Yes | HR 0.72 (0.49–1.06) | 51,52,53 | |||||
| Sheehan, | 18–84 | 26,727 | 17 | 4955 | Weightlifting | Questionnaire | No | HR 1 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,50,51,54, |
| 2020, US | Yes | HR 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 55,56,57 |
MSA = muscle-strengthening activity; HR = hazard ratio; RR = risk ratio; CI = confidence interval; CVD = cardiovascular disease; NR = not reported; * Presented as mean or range. † The number of years that individuals were followed up in the prospective cohort studies. § These effect sizes are for comparison of the highest and the lowest categories. Adjustments: sex (1), age (2), race/ethnicity (3), education (4), marital status (5), body mass index (6), smoking status (7), alcohol intake (8), chronic conditions (9), long-standing illness (10), psychological distress (11), weekly physical activity volume excluding the volume of strength-promoting activity (12), trial randomization (13), postmenopausal status (14), hormone use (15), parental history of myocardial infarction or cancer (16), energy intake (17), saturated fat intake (18), fiber intake (19), fruit and vegetable intake (20), physical examination for screening (21), time per week spent in aerobic activity (22), MVPA (for strength training and vice versa) (23), incidence of hypertension (24), high cholesterol (25), cardiovascular diseases (26), diabetes mellitus (27), cancer before and during follow-up (28), parental history of CVD (29), hypercholesterolemia (30), survey type (31), self-reported overall health (32), work status (33), TV sitting time (34), aspirin use (35), comorbidity score (36), aerobic moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (37), household (38), use of an ambulatory device (39), total cholesterol level (40), statin medication use (41), measured mean arterial blood pressure (42), following physician-diagnosed conditions (43), arthritis (44), stroke (45), serum C-reactive protein (46), congestive heart failure (47), coronary artery disease (48), emphysema (49), self-rated health (50), ADL disability (51), depression (52), PASE score (53), income (54), nativity status (55), census region of residence (56), home ownership (57), eGFR (58), need special equipment to walk (59).