Table 3.
Characteristics of included studies for association between daily steps and all-cause mortality in adults aged 45 or older.
| Author, Country | Age * | Sample Size | Follow-Up (Years) † |
No. of Cases |
Exposure | Exposure Assessment |
Number of Steps per Day |
Effect Size (95% CI) § |
Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee, 2019, US | ≥45 | 16,741 | 4.3 | 504 | Steps | ActiGraph | 2718 | HR 1 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12, |
| GT3X+ accelerometers | 4363 | HR 0.59 (0.47–0.75) | 13,14 | ||||||
| 5905 | HR 0.54 (0.41–0.72) | ||||||||
| 8442 | HR 0.42 (0.3–0.6) | ||||||||
| Hansen, 2020, | 57 | 2183 | 9.1 | 119 | Steps | ActiGraph, LLC, | 4651 | HR 1 | 2,3,4,15,16,21,22,23 |
| Norway | Pensacola, FL | 6862 | HR 0.52 (0.29–0.93) | ||||||
| 8670 | HR 0.5 (0.27–0.94) | ||||||||
| 11,467 | HR 0.43 (0.21–0.88) | ||||||||
| Maurice, 2020, | 56.8 | 4840 | 10.1 | 1165 | Steps | ActiGraph 7164 | 4000 | HR 1 | 1,3,4,12.15.16.22,24,26,27, |
| US | 8000 | HR 0.49 (0.44–0.55) | 28,29,30 | ||||||
| 12,000 | HR 0.35 (0.28–0.45) | ||||||||
| Jefferis, 2017, UK | 78.4 | 1181 | 5 | 194 | Steps | ActiGraph GT3x | 1895 | HR 1 | 1,2,3,4,22,25,33,34,35, |
| 3646 | HR 0.63 (0.43–1.54) | 36,37 | |||||||
| 5302 | HR 0.59 (0.39–0.9) | ||||||||
| 8401 | HR 0.31 (0.17–0.57) | ||||||||
| Yamamoto, 2018, | 71 | 419 | 9.8 | 76 | Steps | spring-levered | 3394 | HR 1 | 3,4,15,22,23 |
| Japan | pedometer (EC-100S, | 5310 | HR 0.81 (0.43–1.54) | ||||||
| YAMASA, Tokyo, | 6924 | HR 1.26 (0.7–2.26) | |||||||
| Japan) | 10,241 | HR 0.46 (0.22–0.96) | |||||||
| Oftedal, 2019, Australia |
65.4 | 1697 | 9.6 | NR | Steps | DigiwalkerSW-200 pedometer | Per 1000 steps per day | HR 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 1,3,15,38 |
| Dwyer, 2015, | 58.8 | 2576 | 10 | 219 | Steps | Omron HJ-003 | 0–5550 | HR 1 | 1,3,4,15,22,39 |
| Australia | Omron HJ-102 | 5551–8000 | HR 0.43 (0.30–0.62) | ||||||
| 8001–10,000 | HR 0.25 (0.16–0.38) | ||||||||
| 10,001–13,500 | HR 0.24 (0.15–0.37) | ||||||||
| 13,501–39,164 | HR 0.10 (0.05–0.18) | ||||||||
| Manas, 2021, Spain | 78.8 | 768 | 5.7 | 89 | Steps | ActiTrainer ActiGraphwGT3X-BT; ActiGraph, Pensacola, |
per additional 1000 steps | HR 0.87 (0.81–0.95) | 1,2,15,16,22,38,40,41 |
| Paluch, 2021, US | 45.2 | 2110 | 10.8 | 72 | Steps | ActiGraph 7164 | 5837 | HR 1 | 1,2,3,4,12,13,15,16,22,23, |
| 8502 | HR 0.28 (0.15–0.54) | 25,26,42,43,44 | |||||||
| 11,815 | HR 0.45 (0.25–0.81) | ||||||||
| Klenk, 2016, US | 75.6 | 1271 | 4 | 100 | Walking duration | activPAL, PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, UK | 128.4–290.5 vs. 3.7–76.1 min/day | HR 0.39 (0.19–0.78) | 1,3,4,13,14,15,16,22,26,31,44 |
| Pate, 2017, US | 69.8 | 139,255 | 13 | 43,621 | Walking duration | assessed by asking | >6 h/week vs. <2 h/week | HR 0.78 (0.75–0.81) | 4,7,8,25,26,39,40,45,46,47 |
* Presented as mean or range. † The number of years that individuals were followed up in the prospective cohort studies. § These effect sizes are for comparison of the highest and the lowest categories. Age (1), wear time (2), smoking status (3), alcohol use (4), intake of saturated fat (5), intake of saturated fiber (6), intake of saturated fruits (7), intake of saturated vegetables (8), hormone therapy (9), parental history of myocardial infarction (10), family history of cancer (11), general health (12), history of cardiovascular disease (13), history of cancer and cancer screening (14), gender (15), educational attainment (16), IMD (17), weight status (18), GP Management System (19), number of self-reported chronic illnesses at baseline (20),VPA (21), body mass index (22), number of medical conditions (23), diet quality (24), race/ethnicity (25), diabetes (26), stroke (27), coronary heart disease (28), heart failure (29), cancer (30), chronic bronchitis (31), emphysema (32), mobility limitation (33), season of wear (34), social class (35), sleep time (36), living alone (37), household income (38), total energy intake from all sources (kJ) (39), marital status (40), comorbidities (41), study center (42), systolic blood pressure (43), hyperlipidemia (44), red/processed meat intake (45), occupational status (46), leisure-time sitting (47).