Figure 10.

Active sentences with subjectless subclauses. (A) Iconic vocabulary used in the panel below, plus some associated words. (In Figure 6, “animal” was defined with the icons of a cow and a bird. Here, a synonym is used: the icons of an insect and an elephant) (B) Active sentences, as opposed to passive ones, containing a subclause without a subject. For each sentence in Icono, a loose English translation is provided, and in italics, a literal one. In Icono, the overall structure of complex sentences is clarified by either spaces between coherent passages or the omission of line segments above words that connect these passages, words like “who,” “that,” “and,” “equal.” Notice the subtle difference in meaning between lines 1 and 2, and notice that the subclause in line 3, unlike those elsewhere in this figure, does not restrict the meaning of the main clause. (Icons reproduced with permission from thenounproject.com; acknowledgments and links: https://osf.io/yrb49/).