11. AMSTAR‐2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews).

AMSTAR‐2 domains	Clonidine Romantsik 2017a	Paracetamol for pain Ohlsson 2020a	Paracetamol for PDA Jasani 2022	Midazolam Ng 2017	Phenobarbital Romantsik 2023	Opioids Bellù 2021	Ibuprofen Ohlsson 2020b
1	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
2	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial yes	Partial yes
3	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
4	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
5	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
6	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
7	Not applicable	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
8	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
9	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
10	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No
11	Not applicable	Not applicable	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
12	Not applicable	Not applicable	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
13	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
14	Not applicable	Not applicable	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
15	Funnel plot was not constructed (< 10 RCTs)	Funnel plot was not constructed (< 10 RCTs)	Yes	Funnel plot was not constructed (< 10 RCTs)	Yes	Funnel plot was not constructed (< 10 RCTs)	Yes
16	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

The AMSTAR‐2 domains are:

1. Did the research questions and inclusion criteria for the review include the components of PICO?
2. Did the report of the review contain an explicit statement that the review methods were established prior to the conduct of the review and did the report justify any significant deviations from the protocol? *
3. Did the review authors explain their selection of the study designs for inclusion in the review?
4. Did the review authors use a comprehensive literature search strategy? *
5. Did the review authors perform study selection in duplicate?
6. Did the review authors perform data extraction in duplicate?
7. Did the review authors provide a list of excluded studies and justify the exclusions? *
8. Did the review authors describe the included studies in adequate detail?
9. Did the review authors use a satisfactory technique for assessing the risk of bias (RoB) in individual studies that were included in the review? *
10. Did the review authors report on the sources of funding for the studies included in the review?
11. If meta‐analysis was performed did the review authors use appropriate methods for statistical combination of results? *
12. If meta‐analysis was performed, did the review authors assess the potential impact of RoB in individual studies on the results of the meta‐analysis or other evidence synthesis?
13. Did the review authors account for RoB in individual studies when interpreting/ discussing the results of the review? *
14. Did the review authors provide a satisfactory explanation for, and discussion of, any heterogeneity observed in the results of the review?
15. If they performed quantitative synthesis did the review authors carry out an adequate investigation of publication bias (small study bias) and discuss its likely impact on the results of the review? *
16. Did the review authors report any potential sources of conflict of interest, including any funding they received for conducting the review?

The seven critical domains are marked with an *.

PDA = patent ductus arteriosus; RCT = randomized controlled trial