Table 2.

Results for comparing gender of managers and employees based on the items.

	Employees			t-test	Managers			t-test
	Men (n = 53)		Women (n = 52)		Men (n = 41)		Women (n = 64)
1. Ridicules me	1.73 (1.28)	>	1.31 (0.73)	2.13*	1.74 (1.18)	=	1.33 (0.83)	1.72
2. Tells me my thoughts or feelings are stupid	1.80 (1.29)	>	1.36 (0.80)	2.18*	1.96 (1.24)	>	1.38 (0.84)	2.05*
3. Gives me the silent treatment	1.98 (1.33)	>	1.48 (0.87)	2.29*	2.02 (1.28)	>	1.25 (0.86)	2.79***
4. Puts me down in front of others	1.95 (1.34)	>	1.44 (0.97)	2.27*	1.91 (1.21)	>	1.38 (0.91)	3.61**
5. Invades my privacy	1.93 (1.21)	>	1.47 (0.99)	2.12*	2.36 (1.51)	>	1.62 (1.29)	2.49*
6. Reminds me of my past mistakes and failures	2.54 (1.73)	>	1.64 (1.10)	3.24**	2.72 (1.68)	>	1.54 (1.04)	2.72***
7. Doesn’t give me credit for jobs requiring a lot of effort	2.56 (1.70)	>	1.86 (1.32)	2.37*	2.68 (1.63)	>	1.56 (1.11)	4.31***
8. Blames me to save himself/herself embarrassment	2.49 (1.66)	>	1.89 (1.35)	2.02*	2.55 (1.44)	>	1.56 (0.98)	4.12***
9. Breaks promises he/she makes	2.39 (1.50)	>	1.84 (1.16)	2.10*	2.57 (1.42)	>	1.33 (0.86)	4.12***
10. Expresses anger at me when he/she is mad for another reason	2.29 (1.52)	>	1.73 (1.14)	2.14*	2.62 (1.47)	>	1.38 (0.87)	5.40***
11. Makes negative comments about me to others	2.51 (1.57)	>	1.69 (1.10)	3.17**	2.60 (1.51)	>	1.35 (0.88)	5.24***
12. Is rude to me	2.41 (1.56)	>	1.70 (1.19)	2.64**	1.66 (1.09)	>	1.38 (0.99)	5.19***
13. Does not allow me to interact with my coworkers	1.61 (1.16)	=	1.47 (0.98)	0.67	1.87 (1.06)	=	1.25 (0.65)	1.35
14. Tells me I’m incompetent	1.66 (1.06)	=	1.50 (0.84)	0.85	2.40 (1.25)	>	1.33 (0.88)	3.60***
15. Lies to me	2.07 (1.23)	=	1.73 (1.17)	1.42	2.22 (1.08)	>	1.40 (0.78)	5.07***
Abuse (latent)	2.13 (1.17)	>	1.61 (0.88)	2.60*	1.74 (1.18)	>	1.33 (0.83)	4.47***

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.