Table 2.
Associations between consumer status (consumers vs non-consumers) of nuts and/or seeds and all outcomes in participants of NHANES 2005–2018a
| Binary outcomesd | Sex | N | Either nuts or seeds | Nuts onlyb | Seeds onlyc | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Metabolic syndrome | Male | 8640 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.63 | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) | 0.88 | 0.94 (0.75, 1.19) | 0.62 |
| Female | 10,163 | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) | 0.017* | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) | 0.012* | 0.84 (0.69, 1.04) | 0.10 | |
| High fasting glucose | Male | 6055 | 0.84 (0.68, 1.04) | 0.10 | 0.81 (0.66, 0.99) | 0.042* | 0.95 (0.71, 1.26) | 0.72 |
| Female | 6973 | 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) | 0.012* | 0.80 (0.66, 0.97) | 0.025* | 0.78 (0.62, 0.97) | 0.028* | |
| High triglycerides | Male | 9616 | 1.15 (0.99, 1.35) | 0.075 | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | 0.26 | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) | 0.82 |
| Female | 11,209 | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 0.78 | 0.95 (0.83, 1.10) | 0.51 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.08) | 0.27 | |
| Central obesity | Male | 10,410 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 0.44 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.06) | 0.27 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) | 0.19 |
| Female | 12,277 | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) | 0.004* | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | 0.008* | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) | 0.10 | |
| High blood pressure | Male | 10,285 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.22) | 0.46 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.95 | 1.12 (0.91, 1.37) | 0.29 |
| Female | 12,069 | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 0.55 | 0.87 (0.75, 1.02) | 0.082 | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 0.77 | |
| Low HDL-cholesterol | Male | 9500 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.09) | 0.36 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.27 | 0.94 (0.74, 1.19) | 0.58 |
| Female | 11,290 | 0.85 (0.75, 0.97) | 0.019* | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.017* | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.018* | |
| Continuous outcomes (units) | Beta (95% CI) | P value | Beta (95% CI) | P value | Beta (95% CI) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)e | Male | 5103 | − 0.89 (− 3.54, 1.76) | 0.51 | − 0.84 (− 3.36, 1.68) | 0.51 | − 2.18 (− 4.39, 0.04) | 0.054 |
| Female | 6003 | − 1.41 (− 3.28, 0.46) | 0.14 | − 1.72 (− 3.54, 0.10) | 0.064 | − 0.24 (− 1.95, 1.47) | 0.78 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)f | Male | 9058 | − 2.68 (− 12.14, 6.77) | 0.57 | − 3.62 (− 13.53, 6.29) | 0.47 | 6.36 (− 5.75, 18.48) | 0.30 |
| Female | 10,734 | − 1.16 (− 7.30, 4.97) | 0.71 | − 5.43 (− 11.24, 0.38) | 0.066 | 1.75 (− 6.58, 10.08) | 0.68 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | Male | 10,410 | − 0.67 (− 1.47, 0.14) | 0.10 | − 0.78 (− 1.63, 0.06) | 0.07 | − 1.10 (− 2.40, 0.20) | 0.095 |
| Female | 12,277 | − 1.66 (− 2.68, -0.64) | 0.002* | − 1.88 (− 2.89, − 0.87) | < 0.001* | − 0.48 (− 1.68, 0.71) | 0.43 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)g | Male | 10,240 | − 0.18 (− 1.15, 0.79) | 0.72 | − 0.27 (− 1.24, 0.71) | 0.59 | − 0.17 (− 1.32, 0.97) | 0.77 |
| Female | 11,983 | − 0.21 (− 1.00, 0.59) | 0.60 | − 0.67 (− 1.55, 0.21) | 0.13 | 0.57 (− 0.67, 1.82) | 0.36 | |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)f | Male | 9057 | 0.89 (0.06, 1.72) | 0.035* | 1.00 (0.14, 1.86) | 0.023* | − 0.04 (− 1.20, 1.11) | 0.94 |
| Female | 10,730 | 0.87 (− 0.03, 1.77) | 0.059 | 1.18 (0.27, 2.10) | 0.012* | 0.69 (− 0.43, 1.82) | 0.23 |
Asterisks denote results that are statistically significant (p < 0.05). HDL, high-density lipoprotein
aOdds ratios were obtained using logistic regressions while beta values were obtained using linear regressions. Exposure variables are zero vs non-zero intakes, with zero intake as the reference group. All regression models included the following covariates: age, family income to poverty ratio, ethnicity (Mexican American/Non-Hispanic White/Non-Hispanic Black/Other Hispanic/Other races), smoking status (non-smoker/former smoker/current smoker), daily alcohol intake, Healthy Eating Index 2015, experienced a cardiovascular event (yes/no), and physical activity z-scores
bFurther adjusted for seed intake in the model
cFurther adjusted for nut intake in the model
dThe definitions of each condition are as follow: metabolic syndrome: having any 3 of the following 5 conditions; high fasting glucose: ≥ 100 mg/dL or using insulin or taking medication for hyperglycemia; high triglycerides: ≥ 150 mg/dL or taking medication for dyslipidemia; central obesity: ≥ 102 cm for men and ≥ 88 cm for women; high blood pressure: systolic pressure ≥ 130 mmHg, diastolic pressure ≥ 85 mmHg, or taking medication for high blood pressure; low HDL-cholesterol: < 40 mg/dL for men or < 50 mg/dL for women, or taking medication for dyslipidemia
eFurther adjusted for use of insulin or medication for hyperglycemia (yes/no)
fFurther adjusted for use of medication for dyslipidemia (yes/no)
gFurther adjusted for use of medication for high blood pressure (yes/no)