Table 5.
Energy, macronutrient, dietary and total vitamin and mineral intakes (mean, 5th percentile, median and 95th percentile) in dietary supplement users and non-users among children aged 4–10 years
| Non-users | Users | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary intakea | Dietary intake | Total intakeb | RI (6–9 years)[60] | |||||||||||||
| n | Mean (SD) | 5% | 50%c | 95% | n | Mean (SD) | 5% | 50% | 95% | Mean (SD) | 5% | 50%d | 95% | |||
| Energy | MJ/day | 181 | 8.3 (1.4) | 5.6 | 8.0 | 11.4 | 318 | 8.2 (1.0) | 5.3 | 8.0 | 11.5 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Carbohydrate | E% | 181 | 50.9 (0.3) | 43.6 | 51.3 | 60.0 | 318 | 50.7 (0.3) | 43.3 | 50.7 | 57.8 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Protein | E% | 181 | 14.6 (0.2) | 11.4 | 14.7 | 18.4 | 318 | 14.3 (0.1) | 11.1 | 14.1 | 18.2 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fat | E% | 181 | 34.5 (0.3) | 26.7 | 33.8 | 43.2 | 318 | 35.0 (0.2) | 27.6 | 35.2 | 42.2 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Saturated fat | E% | 181 | 13.8 (0.2) | 10.1 | 13.8 | 18.1 | 318 | 14.0 (0.1) | 10.6 | 14.0 | 17.8 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary fibre | E% | 181 | 19.8 (0.4) | 11.0 | 19.7 | 28.1 | 318 | 19.8 (0.3) | 11.6 | 19.1 | 30.0 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Micronutrient | ||||||||||||||||
| Vitamin A | RE | 195 | 1182 (45) | 403 | 1075 | 2497 | 304 | 1220 (40) | 395 | 1057 | 2645 | 1497 (41) | 651 | 1368*** | 2853 | 400 |
| Retinol | µg | 195 | 811 (39) | 224 | 659 | 1809 | 304 | 858 (36) | 232 | 673 | 2115 | 1112 (40) | 377 | 912*** | 2368 | N/A |
| Vitamin D | µg | 189 | 2.8 (0.1) | 1.0 | 2.2 | 6.9 | 310 | 2.8 (0.2) | 0.97 | 1.94 | 5.65 | 9.6 (0.3) | 2.5 | 9.4*** | 20.0 | 10 |
| Vitamin E | α-TE | 193 | 7.3 (0.2) | 4.1 | 7.0 | 12.0 | 306 | 7.6 (0.2) | 4.1 | 7.0 | 13.1 | 12.2 (0.2) | 6.6 | 12.2*** | 19.2 | 6 |
| Thiamin | mg | 195 | 1.21 (0.02) | 0.73 | 1.16 | 1.81 | 304 | 1.19 (0.02) | 0.71 | 1.14 | 1.77 | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.0 | 1.7*** | 2.4 | 0.9 |
| Riboflavin | mg | 195 | 1.64 (0.04) | 0.83 | 1.59 | 2.81 | 304 | 1.59 (0.03) | 0.91 | 1.54 | 2.48 | 2.2 (0.0) | 1.3 | 2.2*** | 3.1 | 1.1 |
| Niacin | NE | 195 | 23.0 (0.5) | 12.7 | 22.4 | 35.5 | 304 | 21.9 (0.3) | 12.9 | 21.4 | 33.2 | 27.6 (0.4) | 18.3 | 27.1*** | 39.5 | 12 |
| Vitamin B6 | mg | 195 | 1.28 (0.03) | 0.75 | 1.25 | 1.91 | 304 | 1.21 (0.02) | 0.76 | 1.17 | 1.82 | 1.9 (0.0) | 1.1 | 1.9*** | 2.7 | 1.0 |
| Folic acid/folate | mg | 198 | 285 (6) | 165 | 270 | 431 | 301 | 279 (5) | 162 | 264 | 436 | 338 (5) | 217 | 325*** | 505 | 130 |
| Vitamin B12 | µg | 197 | 5.4 (0.2) | 2.2 | 5.0 | 10.5 | 302 | 5.3 (0.1) | 2.3 | 5.0 | 9.6 | 6.2 (0.1) | 3.1 | 5.9*** | 10.3 | 1.3 |
| Vitamin C | mg | 195 | 106 (4) | 44 | 92 | 209 | 304 | 102 (3) | 46 | 91 | 187 | 138 (4) | 64 | 126*** | 231 | 40 |
| Calcium | mg | 194 | 1035 (25) | 523 | 965 | 1688 | 305 | 1010 (17) | 598 | 965 | 1601 | 1082 (18) | 638 | 1285 | 1639 | 700 |
| Magnesium | mg | 198 | 294 (5) | 178 | 288 | 422 | 301 | 289 (5) | 184 | 275 | 441 | 304 (5) | 198 | 288 | 450 | 200 |
| Iron | mg | 198 | 9.1 (0.2) | 5.7 | 9.0 | 13.1 | 301 | 9.0 (0.1) | 5.8 | 8.7 | 13.8 | 13.8 (0.2) | 8.6 | 13.8*** | 19.7 | 9 |
| Zinc | mg | 198 | 9.7 (0.2) | 5.8 | 9.3 | 15.1 | 301 | 9.4 (0.1) | 6.0 | 9.1 | 14.1 | 12.3 (0.2) | 8.2 | 12.1*** | 17.0 | 7 |
| Iodine | µg | 198 | 234 (9) | 97 | 204 | 449 | 301 | 216 (6) | 109 | 191 | 437 | 258 (6) | 130 | 237*** | 490 | 150 |
| Selenium | µg | 198 | 41.0 (0.9) | 23.4 | 38.9 | 64.0 | 301 | 39.0 (0.7) | 23.4 | 37.3 | 59.3 | 51.4 (0.8) | 32.4 | 50.0*** | 74.0 | 30 |
*p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
aMicronutrients from foods and drinks only
bMicronutrients from foods, drinks, and supplements
cDifferences in median dietary micronutrient intakes between non-users and users of the specific micronutrient were tested with a Mann–Whitney U test. Only significant differences are indicated
dP-values for the difference in median dietary micronutrient intake (non-users) and total micronutrient intake (users)