Table 1.
Participant characteristics across menstrual phases.
| All phases | Menstrual | Late-follicular | Ovulation | Luteal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physiological signals (mean ± standard deviation) | |||||
| Blood Glucose (mmol/L)*** | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.1 ± 0.8 |
| Luteinizing Hormone (mIU/mL)*** | 5.4 ± 6.8 | 4.1 ± 3.2 | 4.7 ± 3.7 | 10.4 ± 12.6 | 3.7 ± 2.6 |
| Estrogen (ng/mL)*** | 140.0 ± 112.7 | 104.8 ± 82.9 | 114.9 ± 94.2 | 188.6 ± 145.9 | 150.3 ± 105.5 |
| Step count** | 297.0 ± 213.0 | 290.1 ± 221.9 | 315.2 ± 217.3 | 293.1 ± 213.9 | 287.4 ± 203.4 |
| Demographics (mean ± standard deviation) | |||||
| Age (yrs) | 20.8 ± 2.7 | ||||
| Height (cm) | 163.3 ± 5.6 | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 59.2 ± 11.0 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m²) | 22.6 ± 4.4 | ||||
| Self-reported experiences (total count of daily entries, % within menstrual phase subset) | |||||
| Daily appetite | |||||
| Very low | 164 (5%) | 26 (5%) | 52 (5%) | 40 (6%) | 46 (4%) |
| Low | 798 (23%) | 135 (24%) | 231 (24%) | 145 (22%) | 287 (25%) |
| Moderate | 1751 (51%) | 295 (52%) | 494 (51%) | 342 (51%) | 620 (52%) |
| High | 597 (18%) | 100 (18%) | 177 (18%) | 118 (18%) | 202 (17%) |
| Very high | 93 (3%) | 13 (2%) | 20 (2%) | 23 (3%) | 37 (3%) |
| Daily exercise level* | |||||
| Very low | 698 (21%) | 128 (22%) | 194 (20%) | 137 (21%) | 239 (20%) |
| Low | 1234 (36%) | 215 (38%) | 333 (34%) | 241 (36%) | 445 (37%) |
| Moderate | 1079 (32%) | 173 (30%) | 329 (34%) | 209 (31%) | 368 (31%) |
| High | 333 (10%) | 39 (7%) | 98 (10%) | 74 (11%) | 122 (10%) |
| Very high | 57 (2%) | 14 (2%) | 20 (2%) | 5 (1%) | 18 (2%) |
| Daily Food Cravings** | |||||
| Did not experience | 910 (27%) | 111 (20%) | 248 (25%) | 203 (30%) | 348 (29%) |
| Very low | 620 (18%) | 115 (20%) | 175 (18%) | 127 (19%) | 203 (17%) |
| Low | 660 (19%) | 112 (20%) | 196 (20%) | 127 (19%) | 225 (19%) |
| Moderate | 653 (19%) | 115 (20%) | 190 (19%) | 119 (18%) | 229 (19%) |
| High | 410 (12%) | 78 (14%) | 129 (13%) | 73 (11%) | 130 (11%) |
| Very high | 157 (5%) | 38 (7%) | 39 (4%) | 23 (3%) | 57 (5%) |
| Daily bloating*** | |||||
| Did not experience | 1089 (32%) | 116 (20%) | 318 (33%) | 232 (35%) | 423 (35%) |
| Very low | 693 (20%) | 101 (18%) | 215 (22%) | 137 (20%) | 240 (20%) |
| Low | 564 (17%) | 87 (15%) | 188 (19%) | 118 (18%) | 171 (14%) |
| Moderate | 609 (18%) | 140(25%) | 160 (16%) | 104 (15%) | 205 (17%) |
| High | 357 (10%) | 95 (17%) | 84 (9%) | 57 (8%) | 121 (10%) |
| Very high | 98 (3%) | 30 (5%) | 12 (1%) | 24 (4%) | 32 (3%) |
| Daily fatigue* | |||||
| Did not experience | 410 (12%) | 56 (10%) | 109 (11%) | 97 (14%) | 148 (11%) |
| Very low | 482 (14%) | 84 (15%) | 145 (15%) | 90 (13%) | 163 (14%) |
| Low | 571 (17%) | 91 (16%) | 163 (17%) | 112 (17%) | 205 (17%) |
| Moderate | 981 (29%) | 154 (27%) | 275 (28%) | 174 (26%) | 378 (32%) |
| High | 706 (21%) | 134 (24%) | 216 (22%) | 136 (20%) | 220 (19%) |
| Very high | 260 (8%) | 50 (9%) | 69 (7%) | 63 (9%) | 78 (7%) |
| Daily sleep issues* | |||||
| Did not experience | 606 (18%) | 81 (14%) | 160 (16%) | 132 (20%) | 233 (20%) |
| Very low | 664 (19%) | 112 (20%) | 219 (22%) | 105 (16%) | 228 (19%) |
| Low | 803 (24%) | 146 (26%) | 231 (24%) | 155 (23%) | 271 (23%) |
| Moderate | 737 (22%) | 118 (21%) | 210 (21%) | 148 (22%) | 261 (22%) |
| High | 382 (11%) | 76 (13%) | 102 (10%) | 74 (11%) | 130 (11%) |
| Very high | 218 (6%) | 36 (6%) | 55 (6%) | 58 (9%) | 69 (6%) |
Participant demographics, physiological signals, and self-reported symptoms reported in aggregate and separated according to menstrual phase. Significant results (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) of χ2 and repeated measures ANOVA tests of symptom variance across cycle phases are also indicated.