Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate linear mixed-effects models results.
| Covariate | Univariate Model | Multivariate Model | |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-coefficient [95% CI] | β-coefficient [95% CI] | ||
| Physiological signals | |||
| Menstrual phase | Late-follicular | Reference | Reference |
| Ovulation | 0.06 [0.001, 0.12]* | 0.08 [0.01, 0.15]* | |
| Luteal | 0.15 [0.09, 0.20]*** | 0.16 [0.10, 0.22]*** | |
| Menstrual | 0.09 [0.02, 0.16]** | 0.03 [-0.04, 0.11] | |
| Others | Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | –0.001 [-0.01, 0.003] | – |
| Estrogen (E3G) | –0.0003 [–0.001, –0.00001]* | –0.0003 [–0.001, –0.0001]** | |
| Step Count | –0.0003 [–0.0004, –0.0002]*** | –0.0003 [–0.0004, –0.0002]*** | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (yrs) | 0.01 [–0.04, 0.05] | – | |
| Height (cm) | –0.01 [–0.04, 0.02] | – | |
| Weight (kg) | 0.002 [–0.01, 0.02] | – | |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 0.01 [–0.03, 0.05] | – | |
| Self-reported experiences | |||
| Daily appetite | Very low | Reference | Reference |
| Low | –0.02 [–0.13, 0.10] | – | |
| Moderate | 0.04 [–0.08, 0.15] | – | |
| High | –0.01 [–0.13, 0.12] | – | |
| Very high | –0.02 [–0.20, 0.15] | – | |
| Daily exercise | Very low | Reference | Reference |
| Low | –0.02 [–0.08, 0.05] | – | |
| Moderate | –0.02 [–0.09, 0.05] | – | |
| High | –0.08 [–0.17, 0.02] | – | |
| Very high | –0.05 [–0.24, 0.13] | – | |
| Daily food cravings | Did not experience | Reference | Reference |
| Very low | 0.05 [–0.05, 0.14] | 0.05 [–0.05, 0.15] | |
| Low | 0.15 [0.07, 0.24]*** | 0.19 [0.10, 0.28]*** | |
| Moderate | 0.19 [0.10, 0.28]*** | 0.21 [0.12, 0.30]*** | |
| High | 0.15 [0.06, 0.24]** | 0.17 [0.07, 0.27]*** | |
| Very high | 0.08 [–0.05, 0.20] | 0.04 [–0.09, 0.17] | |
| Daily bloating | Did not experience | Reference | Reference |
| Very low | –0.06 [–0.15, 0.03] | – | |
| Low | 0.02 [–0.06, 0.11] | – | |
| Moderate | 0.04 [–0.05, 0.13] | – | |
| High | 0.07 [–0.03, 0.17] | – | |
| Very high | –0.07 [–0.22, 0.08] | – | |
| Daily fatigue | Did not experience | Reference | Reference |
| Very low | –0.14 [–0.26, −0.04]** | –0.16 [–0.28, –0.03]* | |
| Low | 0.03 [–0.07, 0.14] | 0.02 [–0.09, 0.13] | |
| Moderate | 0.01 [–0.09, 0.10] | –0.03 [–0.13, 0.08] | |
| High | 0.03 [–0.07, 0.13] | –0.03 [–0.14, 0.08] | |
| Very high | 0.08 [–0.03, 0.20] | 0.03 [–0.10, 0.16] | |
| Daily sleep issues | Did not experience | Reference | Reference |
| Very low | 0.001 [–0.10, 0.10] | 0.05 [–0.06, 0.16] | |
| Low | –0.04 [–0.13, 0.06] | –0.06 [–0.16, 0.05] | |
| Moderate | 0.04 [–0.06, 0.13] | 0.02 [–0.09, 0.13] | |
| High | 0.11 [0.004, 0.22]* | 0.05 [–0.07, 0.17] | |
| Very high | 0.09 [–0.03, 0.22] | 0.02 [–0.12, 0.16] | |
The results of the univariate and multivariate linear mixed-effects models that were generated to estimate changes in median blood glucose across menstrual phases. Significant model results are indicated as such *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.