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. 2023 Aug 11;13:13075. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40402-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Astrocytic calcium transients are impaired at the slow-wave frequency in young APP mice. (A) Multiphoton microscopy image of YC3.6-expressing astrocytes in 4–6 months old NTG and APP mice. YC3.6 was expressed in the somas, processes, and endfeet of astrocytes (green), while dextran red filled the vasculature (red). (B) Representative ΔR/R₀ traces of individual astrocytic calcium transients in NTG and APP mice. (C) Power spectral densities of calcium transients within astrocytic somas. Bright blue and red traces are averages, faint blue and red bands are SEM. (D) The mean power and frequency of somal calcium transients in NTG and APP mice. (E) The mean power and frequency of calcium transients within astrocytic processes in NTG and APP mice. (F) The mean power and frequency of calcium transients within astrocytic microdomains in NTG and in APP mice. Values are mean ± SEM, scale bar, 10 μm. ****p < 0.0001.